Heavy metal ions using functional

Electroremediation using electrical current is the final purification method discussed in this chapter. Here, an array of anodes are placed in the soil opposite an array of cathodes. When electric potential is apphed the following processes occur electrolysis of water in the soil, dissolution of polluting ions, migration of ions under the influence of the apphed potential field, and reduction or pH based precipitation at the cathode [68,69]. This technique, also known as electroreclamation or electrochemical soil decontamination, does not require a membrane however, improved electroremediation has been reported when ion-exchange membranes were incorporated into the system [70]. The function of the membrane is to retain OH ions produced at the cathode. Migration of these OH ions is prevented to avoid precipitation of the heavy metal ions in the sod. 

To improve the solubility of metal ion, the commonly used method is including a metal ion-ligating functional group in structure of one of the ions named task-specific ionic liquids, which play dual role as hydrophobic solvent and as extractant. Visser et al. [191,192] presented new thiourea, urea, and thioether derivatives of ILs designed to extract heavy metal ions (e.g., Hg + and Cd ), and the same methods have been used to the extraction and separation of rare earth metals by Chen et al. [210,211]. 

It is a strong glutamate agonist and known to bind to kinate receptors in brain. It is produced by a few species of diatom. We found that the strain used in these studies exudes most of the domoic acid into the medium. The isolation of the water-soluble amino acid from a large amount of the seawater-based medium was done by ionization-suppression of three carboxylic acid functions by acidification and adsorption on CIS. As mentioned in Subheading 1., the compound easily forms a chelate with heavy metal ions. We found that even recrystallized samples contained enough metals to create a disturbance in NMR. 

Removal of heavy-metal ions has been a major focus in environmental remediation and cleanup. Various materials, such as activated charcoal, clays, silica gels, and ion-exchange resins have been used as adsorbents. Functionalized mesoporous silicas have recently proved to be a promising or even better alternative. Mercier etal prepared a... 

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