Heavy ion induced transfer

One of the early hopes of heavy ion induced transfer reactions was that new states in nuclei would be preferentially populated The fact that this hope diminished was due primarily to insufficient understanding of the reaction mechanism, but also to the generally poorer energy resolution obtained with heavy ions as compared to light ions. In this paper, I hope to demonstrate that with the proper kinematical conditions there is a remarkable selectivity which can be. obtained with a proper. choice of the reaction and that these reactions can be valuable spectroscopic tools The data in this talk have been taken using beams from the Brookhaven National Laboratory double MP tandem facility with particles identified in the focal plane of a QDDD spectrometer ... 

In summary, the selectivity of certain heavy ion reactions have been used to identify two proton and two neutron states of high spin (both yrast and non-yrast) in Nd nuclei The first direct information about the configurations of some of these states has been obtained and the results suggest simple configurations for some but not all of them At the same time certain members of the neutron 7/2 13/2 multiplet are not seen and comprehensive shell model calculations would be very useful to determine the reason Heavy ion induced transfer reactions, if chosen carefully are valuable spectroscopic tools,... 

Neutron-rich nuclides are inaccessible via the compound nuclear reaction. To produce neutron-rich transuranium nuclides, heavy-ion-induced transfer reactions of actinide targets ranging from to Es with a variety of incident particles ranging from to have been studied. 

Mechanisms of electron emission from solids, related to surface bombardment by different particles, are called secondary electron emission. The most important mechanism from this group is secondary ion-electron emission. According to the adiabatic principle (see Section 2.10), heavy ions are not efficient for transferring energy to light electrons to provide ionization. This general statement can be referred to the direct electron emission from solid surfaces induced by ion impact. As one can see from Fig. 2-16 (Dobretsov ... 

The time-dependence of the energy levels in a supercritical heavy-ion collision is depicted in Figure 8.33. An electron (or hole) which was in a certain molecular eigenstate at the beginning of the collision can be transfered with a certain probability into different states by the dynamics of the collision. This can lead to the hole production in an inner shell by excitation of an electron to a higher state and/or hole production by ionization of an electron to the continuum. Further possibilities are induced positron production by excitation of an electron from the lower continuum to an empty bound level and direct pair production [59]. 

Silver ions cause perturbation of the (E)-(Z) photoisomerization pathway for both stilbene and azobenzene . The efficiency of silver ions in this respect is compared with the effect of Nal which can only induce a heavy atom effect. Ag+ clearly forms complexes with both compounds. Observation of cis-trans conversion in olefin radical cations shows that electron transfer can bring about isomerization of stilbene derivatives. The efficiency of such processes obviously depends on the presence and nature of any substituents. Another study deals with photochemical generation, isomerization, and effects of oxygenation on stilbene radicals. The intermediates examined were generated by electron transfer reactions. Related behaviour probably occurs through the effect of exciplex formation on photoisomerization of styrene derivatives of 5,6-benz-2,2 -diquinoyE. ... 

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