Heart failure, chronic clinical presentation

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE... 

While several oncologic drugs have been associated with cardiomyopathy, anthracyclines such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin are salient examples. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity may be defined as acute, early-onset chronic, and late-onset chronic (Cardinale et al. 2015). Acute cardiotoxicity occurs after a single dose, or a single course, of anthracyclines, and the onset of clinical manifestations is within 2 weeks from the end of treatment. Early-onset chronic toxicity develops within 1 year, and is the most frequent and clinically relevant form of cardiotoxicity. It usually presents as a dilated and hypokinetic cardiomyopathy leading to heart failure. Late-onset chronic cardiotoxicity develops years, or even decades, after the end of chemotherapy (Cardinale et al. 2015). 

CAUSES OF MINERAL DEFICIENCIES AND/OR TOXICITIES. Recently, there has been much speculation as to whether many people in the United States might have sub-clinical deficiencies of certain minerals. It has also been speculated that mild, but chronic, toxicities, due to excesses of certain nutrients, might contribute to the development of such disorders as atherosclerosis, diabetes, heart failure, high blood pressure, and kidney stones. These concerns prompt conjecture that our distant ancestors were also prone to similar diet-related problems. Hence, it is revealing to review certain aspects of man s early existence and to compare dietary factors of the past with those of the present... 

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