Hazards, Loss, and Safety

Safety during plant construction is an important topic to the project 

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Frank Lees begins chapter 8 of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Hazard Identification and Safety Audit, [17] with the following paragraphs ... 

Kletz, T.A. (1984) Cheaper, Safer Plants or Wealth and Safety at Work Notes on Inherently Safer and Simpler Plants, Institution of Chemical Engineers Loss Prevention Information Exchange Scheme - Hazard Workshop Module. 

J. A. Davenport, Hazards and Protection of Pressure Storage of Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries, Societe de Chimie Industrielle, Paris, 1986, p. 22-1. 

The first perspective is the traditional safety engineering approach (Section 2.4). This stresses the individual factors that give rise to accidents and hence emphasizes selection, together with motivational and disciplinary approaches to accident and error reduction. The main emphasis here is on behavior modification, through persuasion (motivational campaigns) or pimishment. The main area of application of this approach has been to occupational safety, which focuses on hazards that affect the individual worker, rather than process safety, which emphasizes major systems failures that could cause major plant losses and impact to the environment as well as individual injury. 

In this study detailed fault trees with probability and failure rate calculations were generated for the events (1) Fatality due to Explosion, Fire, Toxic Release or Asphyxiation at the Process Development Unit (PDU) Coal Gasification Process and (2) Loss of Availability of the PDU. The fault trees for the PDU were synthesized by Design Sciences, Inc., and then subjected to multiple reviews by Combustion Engineering. The steps involved in hazard identification and evaluation, fault tree generation, probability assessment, and design alteration are presented in the main body of this report. The fault trees, cut sets, failure rate data and unavailability calculations are included as attachments to this report. Although both safety and reliability trees have been constructed for the PDU, the verification and analysis of these trees were not completed as a result of the curtailment of the demonstration plant project. Certain items not completed for the PDU risk and reliability assessment are listed. 

This use of a rupture disk de dce in series with the safety or safety relief valve is permitted to minimize the loss by leakage through the valve of valuable or of noxious or otherwise hazardous materials and where a rupture disk alone or disk located on the inlet side of the valve is impracticable, or to prevent corrosive gases from a common discharge line from reaching the valve internals. 

Eire and Explosion, Dow s Safety and Loss Prevention Guide Hazard. Classification and Protection, Amer. Inst. Chem. Engr., 1973. 

Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Ind.iLStries, 4th International S)Tnposium, Vol. 1 Safety in Operations and Processes Vol. 2 Hazardous Chemicals and. Liquefied Gases-Safe Transport, Vol. 3 Chemical Process Hazards, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, Symposium Series No. 82, 1983. 

Fierz, H., and G. Zwahlen, "Deflagration in Solids—A Special Hazard in Chemical Production, Proceedings of the 6th Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries Symposium, Oslo, Norway (1989). 

Gustin, J. L., "Thermal Stability Screening and Reaction Calorimetry—Application to Runaway Hazard Assessment and Process Safety Management," /. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind., 6,275 (1993). 

Kletz, T. A. 1985. Cheaper, safer plants, or wealth and safety at work. Loss Prevention Hazard Workshop Module. 2nd ed. Rugby IChemE. 

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