Halogenation Halohydrin reaction

HC1, HBr, and HI add to alkenes by a two-step electrophilic addition mechanism. Initial reaction of the nucleophilic double bond with H+ gives a carbo-cation intermediate, which then reacts with halide ion. Bromine and chlorine add to alkenes via three-membered-ring bromonium ion or chloronium ion intermediates to give addition products having anti stereochemistry. If water is present during the halogen addition reaction, a halohydrin is formed. 

If. instead of CC14. water is used as the solvent in a halogen addition reaction, a halohydrin is formed. The student proposed that such a reaction would follow Mechanism A with water replacing bromine as the nucleophile. If this hypothesis is correct, which of the following is the most likely product for the addition of bromine to propene in water ... 

The success of the halo ketone route depends on the stereo- and regio-selectivity in the halo ketone synthesis, as well as on the stereochemistry of reduction of the bromo ketone. Lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride are commonly used to reduce halo ketones to the /mm-halohydrins. However, carefully controlled reaction conditions or alternate reducing reagents, e.g., lithium borohydride, are often required to avoid reductive elimination of the halogen. 

The final product is called a halohydrin (indicating that we have a halogen— Br— and an OH in the same compound). This reaction is commonly called halohydrin formation. 

Haloperoxidases act as halide-transfer reagents in the presence of halide ions and hydrogen peroxide. In the first step, the halide ion is oxidized to a halonium-ion carrier, from which the positive halogen species is then transferred to the double bond. In an aqueous medium, the intermediary carbocation is trapped and racemic halohydrins are formed (Eq. 7). Selective examples of CPO-cata-lyzed formation of halohydrins are given in Table 9. In CPO-catalyzed reaction. 

Cydodehydroh logonation is the term which wilt he used in tin-present section to describe collectively reactions whereby a tf-Jmiu alcohol, or halohydrin, is eyettzed in alkali to produce an cpi irn-. Schematically the course of such reactions is depictable as shown in Eq. (126), where X is a halogen and B is a base. 

Halohydrins are useful intermediates especially in the synthesis of epoxides. The main reaction is usually accompanied by the formation of a dihalide. When the reactions are performed in the presence of acetic acid, then acetates of the hydrins can be the predominant products. With several exceptions, alkenes with a nonfluorinated C = C bond have been subjected to halohydrinations. Halogen cations usually undergo addition to the substituted carbon of the C = C bond in (fluoroalkyl)ethenes. 

Electrophilic addition of the halogens and related X—Y reagents to alkenes and alkynes has been a standard procedure since the beginning of modem organic chemistry.1 Anti electrophilic bromination of such simple compounds as cyclohexene and ( )- and (Z)-2-butene, and variants of this reaction when water or methanol are solvents (formation of halohydrin or their methyl ethers, respectively), are frequently employed as prototype examples of stereospecific reactions in elementary courses in organic chemistry. A simple test for unsaturation involves addition of a dilute solution of bromine in CCU to the... 

Ketones from halohydrins. Palladium acetate complexed with a triarylphos-phine, particularly tri-o-tolylphosphine, converts halohydrins into ketones in the presence of K2C03. Yields are about 70-85% for substrates in which the halogen is secondary or tertiary, but less than 50% when the halogen is primary because of epoxide formation. The reaction is useful for conversion of alkenes to ketones in those instances in which halohydrins are formed regioselectively. 

When this reaction takes place with water, a halotn/rfriit is formed and Markovnikov s rule is followed where the electrophile adds to the least substituted carbon. Water acts as the nucleophile in the second step instead of the bromide ion. (A halohydrin is a hydroxyl group and a halogen attached to adjacent carbons.)... 

They can also be obtained from alkenes in a two-step process (Fig. A). The first step involves electrophilic addition of a halogen in aqueous solution to form a halohydrin. Treatment of the halohydrin with base then ionises the alcohol group, that can then act as a nucleophile. The oxygen uses a lone pair of electrons to form a bond to the neighbouring electrophilic carbon, thus displacing the halogen by an intramolecular SN2 reaction. 

The reaction of an alkene with a halogen like bromine and chlorine generally gives a vicinal dihalide. However, if the reaction is carried out in water as solvent, the product obtained is a halohydrin where the halogen adds to one end of the double bond and a hydroxyl group from water adds to the other. 

Fig. 6.8 Activation of halogens by CPO (a) reactions with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (b) halohydrins formation...

Halohydrins are easily generated by treating alkenes with aqueous solutions of halogens. Bromine water and chlorine water add across double bonds with Markovnikov orientation (Section 8-11). The following reaction shows cyclopentene reacting with chlorine water to give the chlorohydrin. Treatment of the chlorohydrin with aqueous sodium hydroxide gives the epoxide. 

Halohydrins. The reaction of a slight excess of 1, Br, or Cl, and of P(C6H,)j in CH2CI2 with an epoxide results in a halohydrin in generally high yield. The orientation depends in part on the bulkiness of the halide ion, but the halogen ion generally attacks the less substituted carbon atom. 

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