Halogen addition, alkene halohydrins formation

CHAPTER 8 Ionic Addition of HX to an Alkene 332 Free-Radical Addition of HBr to Alkenes 334 Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of an Alkene 338 Oxymercuration of an Alkene 340 Hydroboration of an Alkene 345 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes 350 Formation of Halohydrins 352 Epoxidation of Alkenes 360 Acid-Catalyzed Opening of Epoxides 362 Olefin Metathesis 376... 

Halohydrin formation, as depicted in Figure 6.13, is mechanistically related to halogen addition to alkenes. A halonium ion intermediate is formed, which is attacked by water in aqueous solution. 

Mechanism 8-7 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes 350 8-9 Formation of Halohydrins 352... 

Preparation of Alkenes A Preview of Elimination Reactions Addition of Halogens to Alkenes 234 Halohydrin Formation 237... 

Halohydrin formation (Section 6.17) When treated with bromine or chlorine in aqueous solution, alkenes are converted to vicinal halohydrins. A halonium ion is an intermediate. The halogen adds to the carbon that has the greater number of hydrogens. Addition is anti. 

Halohydrins are useful intermediates especially in the synthesis of epoxides. The main reaction is usually accompanied by the formation of a dihalide. When the reactions are performed in the presence of acetic acid, then acetates of the hydrins can be the predominant products. With several exceptions, alkenes with a nonfluorinated C = C bond have been subjected to halohydrinations. Halogen cations usually undergo addition to the substituted carbon of the C = C bond in (fluoroalkyl)ethenes. 

Electrophilic addition of the halogens and related X—Y reagents to alkenes and alkynes has been a standard procedure since the beginning of modem organic chemistry.1 Anti electrophilic bromination of such simple compounds as cyclohexene and ( )- and (Z)-2-butene, and variants of this reaction when water or methanol are solvents (formation of halohydrin or their methyl ethers, respectively), are frequently employed as prototype examples of stereospecific reactions in elementary courses in organic chemistry. A simple test for unsaturation involves addition of a dilute solution of bromine in CCU to the... 

One further point. We have encountered the two-step addition of unsym-metrical reagents in which the first step is attack by positive halogen formation of halohydrins (Sec. 6.14), and ionic addition of IN3 and BrN3 (Problem 7, p. 247). The orientation is what would be expected if a carbonium ion were the intermediate. Propylene chlorohydrin, for example, is CH3CHOHCH2CI IN3 adds to terminal alkenes to yield RCH(N3)CH2l. Yet the exclusively anti stereochemistry... 

Haloperoxidases have been shown to transform alkenes by a formal addition of hypohalous acid to produce halohydrins. The reaction mechanism of enzymatic halogenatitHi has been debated for some time and it is now accepted that it proceeds via a halonium intermediate [1770, 1771], similar to the chemical formation of halohydrins (Scheme 2.228). The former species is derived from hypohalous acid or molecular halogen, which is in turn produced by the enzyme via oxidation of halide [1772]. In support of this, a HOCl-adduct of Fe -protoporphyrin IX was identified as a direct enzyme-halogen intermediate involved in chloroperoxidase-catalyzed halogenaticHi [1773]. 

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