Haloalkanes functionalized hydrocarbons

An alkyl halide (also known as a haloalkane) is an alkane in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with halogen atoms, such as F, Cl, Br, or I. The functional group of alkyl halides is R—X, where X represents a halogen atom. Alkyl halides are similar in structure, polarity, and reactivity to alcohols. To name an alkyl halide, first name the parent hydrocarbon. Then use the prefix fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-, with a position number, to indicate the presence of a fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, or iodine atom. The following Sample Problem shows how to name an alkyl halide. 

These four functional groups have similar properties, although alkyl iodides are the most reactive and alkyl fluorides the least. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most widely used polymers—it has a chloro group on every other carbon atom along a linear hydrocarbon framework. Methyl iodide (Mel), on the other hand, is a dangerous carcinogen since it reacts with DNA and can cause mutations in the genetic code. These compounds are also known as haloalkanes (fluoroalkanes, chloroalkanes, bromoalkanes, or iodoalkanes). 

INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS HYDROCARBONS AND HALOALKANES Hydrocarbons... 

Functionalization of alkanes has been achieved under SbFj catalysis. Halogenation of alkanes is one of the widely studied reactions in this field. A valuable synthetic procedure is the reaction of alkanes with methylene chloride (or bromide) in the presence of SbFs (eq 12). In these reactions, halonium ions are initially formed, which in turn abstract hydride from hydrocarbons. Quenching of the resulting carbocations with halides leads to the desired haloalkanes. 

In some cases, a functional group simply takes the place of an H atom in a hydrocarbon chain or ring. Such is the case with alcohols and alkyl halides (dso called haloalkanes). When naming alcohols and alkyl halides, we must identify the position of the —OH group or halogen atom in the molecule. For example, consider the following possibilities that arise when a Br atom takes the place of a hydrogen atom in pentane ... 

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