Psychoses hallucinations with

Side effects. The most common side effects are headache, nausea and vomiting, diplopia, dizziness, ataxia and tremor. There are also reports that lamotrigine can cause such psychiatric side effects as aggression, agitation, confusion, hallucinations and psychosis, some of these effects possibly being associated with a reduction in the glutamatergic system. Rashes are a frequent side effect, occurring in up to 5% of patients. Usually rashes are mild but occasionally can be severe and amount to a Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The severe rash occurs more commonly in children. 

Adverse effects With chronic use, procainamide causes a high incidence of side effects, including a reversible lupus erythe-matosus-like syndrome that develops in 25 to 30% of patients. Toxic concentrations of procainamide may cause asystole or induction of ventricular arrhythmias. Central nervious system (CNS) side effects include depression, hallucination and psychosis. With this drug, gastrointestinal intolerance is less frequent than with quinidine. 

Anise 2. Asian ginseng 3. Cereus 4. Ephedra 5. Ginseng 6. Parsley 7. Shepherds purse 8. Verbena (vervain) 9. Capsicum 1. Phenelzine 2. Tranylcypromine 3. Modobemide May cause T blood pressure with anise and ephedra. T risk of side-effects such as psychosis and hallucinations with Asian ginseng. Headache, tremulousness and manic episodes have been reported with ginseng and phenelzine Unknown mechanism (anise, Asian ginseng) Inhibits metabolism of ephedra (MAOIs inhibit the metabolism of ephedra) Avoid concomitant use... 

WBC, and platelets and tremor, dizziness, headache, hallucinations, confusion, psychosis, and ataxia. These side effects are more pronounced in patients with impaired hepatic or renal functions. 

CNS effects Hallucinations resembling psychosis are common with LSD but less so with the other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide has occasionally been used as an LSD substitute by users of recreational drugs. ... 

The most common serious adverse reactions to amantadine are orthostatic hypotension, depression, congestive heart failure, psychosis, urinary retention, convulsions, leukopenia, and neutropenia Less serious reactions include hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, anorexia, nausea, and constipation. Adverse reactions with selegiline include nausea, hallucinations, confusion, depression, loss of balance, and dizziness. 

With most DA agonists there are the other expected signs of increased DA activity such as hallucinations, psychosis and hypotension which can be worse than with levodopa. Fortunately vomiting can be countered by giving the DA antagonist domperidone. This does not cross the blood-brain barrier and so counteracts only the peripheral (chemoreceptor trigger zone) effect of the DA agonist (Fig. 15.5). 

Toxic Psychosis. Any patient who is not catatonic but has hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideation, or other psychiatric manifestations is classified as having toxic psychosis. These patients are often difficult to differentiate from those with acute agitated psychosis, and about 25 percent appear manic. 

Initially, most prominent effect is elated mood, although depression may occur hypervigilance and anxiety that may progress to panic with high doses or chronic use, may see impairment of judgment, violence to others or self, paranoia or psychosis with delusions and hallucinations (hallucinations are generally tactile or auditory, rarely visual) an increase in motor activity is common compulsive or stereotyped behavior (e.g., skin picking) may be seen severe intoxication may result in a self-limited delirium... 

Alcohol hallucinosis refers to auditory hallucinations that occur during a clear sensorium, which distinguishes it from DTs, during which hallucinations are associated with a reduced clarity of awareness of the environment. Alcohol hallucinosis is generally treated with oral antipsychotics at usual therapeutic dosages for psychosis. 

The positive symptoms are the most responsive to antipsychotic medications, such as chlorpromazine or halo-peridol. Initially, these drugs were thought to be specific for schizophrenia. However, psychosis is not unique to schizophrenia, and frequently occurs in bipolar disorder and in severe major depressive disorder in which paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations are not uncommon (see Ch. 55). Furthermore, in spite of early hopes based on the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in treating the positive symptoms, few patients are restored to their previous level of function with the typical antipsychotic medications [2]. 

Too Much Neurotransmission. Other mental illnesses result from too much neurotransmission (i.e., overactivity) of certain brain circuits. One example may be psychosis, for example, hallucinations and delusions that have been hypothesized to result from excessive transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain pathways. In some cases, the transmission becomes so excessive that it kills the nerve cell, a phenomenon called excitotoxicity. This process is believed to occur in some patients with epilepsy and in those with Huntington s disease. 

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