Halide with Group-IIIA halides

Rare-earth halide vapor complexes with Group-IIIA halides... 

Characterization and thermodynamics of vapor complexes of rare-earth halides with Group-IIIA metal trihalides... 

In case (1) the alkali halide may be present both in the condensed and vapor phase, while the more volatile Group-IIIA halides (reaction 2) are in the gas phase. A large number of particular reactions of type (1) and (2) have been studied with a view both... 

The main synthetic technique for obtaining carbyne complexes is through the reaction of carbene compounds with metal halides, preferably with those of Group IIIA [259c] as, for example, through reaction (2.2) ... 

Oxidative addition of organic halides to low-valent metal complexes generates reactive metal alkyls that can then be used in insertion, coupling, carbonylation-decar-bonylation and cyclization reactions for organic synthesis. These transformations can be made catalytic after development of the stoichiometric chemistry using the more stable metal alkyls. This section surveys the reactions of alkyl, aryl and acyl halides with transition metal complexes of the groups IIIA (lanthanides and actinides), IVA-VIII and IB. 

Any electron-d cient atom can act as a Lewis acid. Many compounds containing group IIIA elements such as boron and aluminum are Lewis acids because group IIIA atoms have only a sextet of electrons in their outer shell. Many other compounds that have atoms with vacant orbitals also act as Lewis acids. Zinc and iron(III) halides (ferric halides) are frequently used as Lewis acids in organic reactions. 

Table 14 summarizes the trivalent lanthanide halide vapor complexes which have been studied by means of spectrophotometry. Among the binary systems involving Group-IIIA trihalides, chlorides are by far the most extensively studied systems. The overall spectra of vapor complexes are similar to those observed in aqueous solutions (Carnall 1979) or in other (e.g. glass) media (Reisfeld 1975) in terms of transition energies but the hypersensitive transition intensities were foimd to vary. However, the hypersensitive intensity ( G5/2 <— 19/2) of Nd-Al-Cl vapor complexes compares well with the result... 

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