Hafnium occurrence

There are many advantages of using metal chlorides as interprocess intermediates. One of the most important advantages is that the metal chlorides could be readily purified. In other words, co-occurring metals could be more readily separated from one another as chlorides. This is particularly important when the co-occurring metals have very different technological properties and the presence of one in another in the final product is detrimental to the intended commercial application. A famous example of such co-occurrence is that of zirconium and hafnium in the mineral zircon. Not more than 100 ppm hafnium should be present in the zirconium intended for use in the nuclear reactor core. The hafnium content of zircon is about 2.5%. 

Successful processes for separating hafnium from zirconium take advantage of rather rare occurrences of substantial differences in solubilities of corresponding hafnium and zirconium compounds in water, organic solvents, fused salts, or liquid metals. 

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