Growth regulators, alkaloids

Medium Growth regulator Alkaloid produced Biomass alkaloid content (mg/g DW) Total alkaloid yield (mg/liter) Rate of production (mg/g/day) Ref. 

H-Indole, 3,3-dichloro-synthesis, 4, 369 3H-Indole, 3,3-dimethyl-synthesis, 4, 224 3H-Indole, 3-hydroperoxy-autoxidation, 4, 247 rearrangement, 4, 249 3H-Indole, 3-oximino-synthesis, 4, 209, 210 3H-Indole, 3-oximino-2-phenyl Beckmann rearrangement, 4, 210 Indoleacetic acid synthesis, 4, 337 Indole-3-acetic acid as growth regulator, 4, 372 synthesis, 4, 346 Indole alkaloids, 4, 373 synthesis, 4, 276... 

The largest number of indole derivatives which have been structurally characterized are the indole alkaloids these mainly arise from plant sources. Not unexpectedly, in view of tryptophan s status as one of the essential amino acids, there are also diverse derivatives found in microorganisms. Indole-3-acetic acid plays a major role in plant metabolism, being a growth regulator (74MI30600). 

The effects of lAA chloro-derivatives on the growth and the alkaloid production are presented in Fig. (36). Both lAA chloro-derivatives, 4-Cl-IAA and 5,6-Cl2-IAA, enhanced the growth of the roots compared with lAA at low concentrations. The optimum concentrations for alkaloid production were 0.1 mg/1 for 4-Cl-IAA and 0.01 mg/1 for 5,6-Cl2-IAA. The culture with 4-Cl-IAA (0.1 mg/1) or 5,6-Cl2-IAA (0.01 mg/1) resulted in a decrease of scopolamine and in a slight increase of hyoscyamine yield as compared with lAA, Figs. (35) and (36). It is known that 4-Cl-IAA and 5,6-Cl2-IAA are resistant to peroxidase decomposition [56] and the results indicate that they exert their effects at much lower concentrations than lAA. Thus they may be useful plant growth regulators for tropane alkaloid production in root cultures. 

Yamada et al. [65] described the production of tropane alkaloids in normal root cultures of D. leichhardtii, D. myoporoides and D. hapwoodii, but did not determine tropane alkaloid levels in the medium. The results here indicate that 4-Cl-IAA and 5,6-Cl2-IAA are good growth regulators enhancing the production of scopolamine in cultures. 

Amongst natural products, the oxepin structure occurs only in senoxepin 19, a norsesquiterpene lactone of the groundsel Senecio platiphylla its structure has been established by synthesis [8]. Hydrogenated oxepins and oxepanones are often found in natural products, e.g. in the alkaloids strychnine (20, R = H) and brucine (20, R = OCH3), and in the brassinosteroids, e.g. the growth regulator brassinolid 21. 

Optimization of medium composition has led to the development of several media (20,36) that induce increased production of indole alkaloids. Some important factors concern the concentration and type of the carbon and nitrogen sources, the phosphate concentration, and the type and concentration of growth regulators. 

Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Alkaloid Production in Catharanthus roseus Cell Cultures... 

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