Ground state of carbon

The ground state of carbon presents a new problem Which orbital does the sixth electron go into This question can be answered by doing either an experiment or a calculation. The answers are summarized in Hund s first rule ... 

We need to make another decision at carbon does the sixth electron join the one already in the 2p-orbital or does it enter a different 2p-orbital (Remember, there are three p-orbitals in the subshell.) To answer this question, we note that electrons that occupy different p-orbitals are farther from each other than when they occupy the same orbital. Therefore, they repel each other less than if they occupied the same orbital. So the sixth electron goes into an empty p-orbital and the ground state of carbon is s22s22pxl2py (6). We write out the individual orbitals like this only when we need to emphasize that electrons occupy different orbitals within a subshell. In most cases, we can write the shorter form, such as ls22s22p2. 

A concept of the proposed ACRES is shown in Figure 2. Carbon dioxide (C02) with/without water is the ground state of carbon. C02 is converted into hydrocarbons and alcohols by energy input using some catalytic technologies (Kusama, 1996). Produced hydrocarbon is useful for co-production process. The hydrocarbon provides thermal and electricity energies during oxidation into C02. The hydrocarbons can be used as raw materials for industrial materials. The hydrocarbon is easily stored and transferred under lower compression pressure with small risk of explosion as compared with H2. The hydrocarbons... 

Match the orbital diagram for the ground state of carbon with the rule/principle it violates ... 

The hybridisation theory states that atomic orbitals can be mixed, i.e. hybridised, to form new atomic orbitals that are degenerate, i.e. equal in energy and orientation. Thus, for example, one of the 2s electrons in the ground state of carbon is promoted to give the electron configuration of 2s1, 2pr ,... 

When electrons are filling orbitals of the same energy, they enter orbitals in such a way as to maximize the number of unpaired electrons, all with the same spin. In other words, they enter empty orbitals first, and all electrons in half filled orbitals have the same spin. The orbital diagram for the ground state of carbon atoms is... 

Table 1 Energy in Hartrees for 2p Po ground state of carbon for different Hamiltonians...

Electronic Properties of CO2 1.2.1 Ground State of Carbon Dioxide... 

Calculations for the 2p ground state of carbon have been carried out by the R-matrix method by Taylor and Burke and by Carter and Kelly using MBPT. The calculations are compared with recent experimental results by Cantu et al in Fig. 12. Both calculations show the 2s2p ( P)np D and P resonances. However, there is approximately a factor of four... 

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