Ground granulated blast furnace slag

C-S-H = poorly crystalline or amorphous calcium silicate hydrate of unspecified composition. Ggbfs = ground granulated blast furnace slag. Hep = hardened cement paste. Pfa = pulverised fuel ash (fly ash). 

Nowadays blended cements are normally used, which are obtained by intergrinding or blending Portland cement with particular mineral substances. Among these, those with the addition of pozzolanic materials or ground granulated blast furnace slag are of particular interest with regard to durabihty of reinforced concrete. 

F ie 5.6 Influence of curing on the depth of carbonation for different cement pastes (6 months, 0.03% CO2) of Portland cement and blended cements with fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) (Bier, from [10])... 

Table 6.2 Examples of stationary diffusion coefficient of chlorides, D, in cement pastes with wjc = 0.5, cured 60 days, made of Portland cement and cement with additions of fly ash (PEA) or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) [17]...

Studies in the early 1970s [16,17] demonstrated that the addition of natural poz-zolana to Portland cement could reduce the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete by three times. Additions of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (PFA) have an even more marked effect on the diffusion coefficient... 

M. Joo, Y. Ohama and K. S. Yeon Strength properties of autoclaved and combined wet/dry-cured SBR-modified concretes using ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Magazine of Concrete Research Vol.56, No.9 (2004), pp.513-521. 

Additives and cement replacement materials such as pulverized fuel ash (fly ash), ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume (micro silica) and other materials can reduce the pore size and block pores enhancing durability further. However, proper curing may be vital to get the required performance with these blended cements. 

Ground granulated blast furnace slag, microsilica.fly ash... 

However, apart from the cement binder (ASTM C 150 2012 or AASHTO M 85 2012), the hydraulic binders may be blended hydraulic cement (ASTM C 595 2013 or AASHTO M 240 2013), coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan (ASTM C 618 2012 or AASHTO M 295 2011), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ASTM C 989 2013 or AASHTO M 302 2013), silica fume (AASHTO M 307 2013) and lime (ASTM C 977 2010 or AASHTO M 216 2013). 

In contact with water, soluble chlorides may be eluated from the hardened paste/concrete, and may enter the enviromnent. The elution rate and the eluted amount of Cl will increase with increasing SO2/AI2O3 ratio in cement, and will decline with increasing amount of inteiblended ground granulated blast furnace slag (Moriya et al., 1996). 

Cements containing ground granulated blast furnace slag 109... 

Alkali-activated slag cements (called also AAS cements) consist of ground granulated blast furnace slag and an alkaline activator whose role is to activate the Itydration of the... 

F-cement is a product developed and marketed in Finland. It consists of a finely ground granulated blast furnace slag, an alkaline activator, and a superplastcizer. It is used in the precast industry. 

Nishokawa T. et al. (1992) Microstincture and mechanical properties of hardened cement paste incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag, in Proceedings 9th ICCC, New Delhi, Vol. 4, pp. 665-670. 

Song, S., and Jennings, H.M. (1999) Pore solution chemistry of alkali-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Research 29,159-170. 

Tomisawa, T., and Fuji, M. (1995) Effects of high fineness and large amounts of ground granulated blast furnace slag on properties and micro structure of slag cements. 

OPC=ordinary Portland cement SRPC=sulfate-resisting Portland cement SSC=super-sulfated cement PFA=pulverized fiiel ash GGBFS=ground granulated blast-furnace slag... 

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