Gross yield

A net yield of about 95% Is obtained by the procedure described above. If the time of warming the reaction mixture is increased three- or four-fold, practically 100% net yields are obtained. The same high net yields are also obtained by heating for even longer periods of time. For example, by heating for 90 hours, a 100% net yield, or 67% gross yield, is obtained. 

However, in the case of gross yielding at the cracked section of a pipe the contribution of J is small compared to J and the elastic part can be neglected in the foregoing analysis. Thus J = J in (4). 

Azide Pressure lb/in Time hr % Yield (Gross) % Yield (Net) ... 

Recall How does the result in Question 41 differ from the gross yield of ATP ... 

The gross yield is four ATP molecules per glucose molecule, but the reactions of glycolysis require two ATP per glucose. 

To any energy planter, the most meaningful measure of solar energy conversion to biomass is the number of kilograms of dry matter produced per hectare per year (or tons per acre per year). While photosynthetic processes per se remain an important factor, equally important are all other processes and constraints of plant growth and development which come into play as photosynthate is elaborated to harvestable biomass. Each of these factors finds expression in the energy planter s gross yield of biomass. Annual dry matter yields in the order of 22,500 kg/ha (10 tons/acre) are common for a few species but the majority of herbaceous land plants probably yield less than 4500 kg/ha (2 tons/acre). 

GROSS TRUE YIELD WET TRIE YIELD GROSS YIELD WET YIELD... 

A separate section is present to cover the yield of the product. The quantity of deliverable product (= net yield) is often less than the theoretical amount based on the processed quantities of active substances and raw materials. Recording of the gross yield, rejected units and net yield on the preparation record can also provide important information about how the preparation process has been performed. Therefore, the preparer should always fill in the sections Yield and rejects on the BPR. Below the notions of gross yield and rejected units are defined in more detail. 

In preparations that are filled into containers intended for the patient, immediately after preparation (e.g. eye drops, creams) the gross yield is expressed in number of completely filled containers. The net yield may be even lower due to loss in incompletely filled containers. After preparation of a series of suppositories in molds, there will always be a number which must be rejected. A gross yield which is only a little lower than the batch size may indicate that the units which should have been rejected have not been. For preparations such as capsules or divided powders, the gross yield (number) is always equal to the theoretical amount. The preparation loss that occurs in these pharmaceutical forms, manifests itself in a lower average weight than the theoretical weight. This does not mean that a low fill weight (and therefore a low dose) would be acceptable. For these forms additional specifications are needed to limit the preparation loss. 

Rejected products are those which are lost after preparation including incompletely filled containers, samples for laboratory, breakage, failure from visual inspection et cetera. The gross yield minus the reject number gives the net yield. When the net yield of preparation, the number of packages or flie number... 

Gross yield = net yield + rejects (including laboratory samples)... 

As mentioned earlier, there have been many attempts to develop mathematical models that would accurately represent the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of viscoelastic materials. This section will review a few of these but it is appropriate to note that those discussed are not all inclusive. For example, numerical approaches are most often the method of choice for all nonlinear problems involving viscoelastic materials but these are beyond the scope of this text. In addition, this chapter does not include circumstances of nonlinear behavior involving gross yielding such as the Luder s bands seen in polycarbonate in Fig. 3.7. An effort is made in Chapter 11 to discuss such cases in connection with viscoelastic-plasticity and/or viscoplasticity effects. The nonlinear models discussed here are restricted to a subset of small strain approaches, with an emphasis on the single integral approach developed by Schapery. 

Notched bar (Charpy bend) 0.04 Upper (below to above gross yield) Griffith and Oates [112] Puttick [111]... 

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