Grinding, lapping, and polishing

Before taking up the description of the individual preparation steps farther below, some information on material removal, abrasives, and preparation parameters may be helpful to the reader s understanding of the processes occurring here. 

Abrasive particles tumble across hard regions of the disk surface, as in normal lapping. Abrasive particles become embedded in softer regions of the disk surface, as in grinding disks. 

Abrasive particles are stopped at the interfaces between different surface layers of the disk and function as they would in a grinding operation. 

Abrasive particles are held firmly on the disk surface as a result of the controlled porosity of the surface layer. 

One mode of material removal may predominate, or there may be a combination of all of the above-mentioned possibilities, as is often the case in actual practice. This is determined by the structure of the composite disk and the types of surface layers present. 

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Table 3. Equipment for mechanical grinding, lapping, and polishing...

Improved surface finishes can be achieved by machining the substrate. Machining usually covers the terms grinding, lapping and polishing. 

Mechanical surface preparation shall be performed by wire brushing, grinding, buffing, and polishing when required, to remove harmful defects such as fissures, pits, gouges, folds, laps, or oxides. 

Industrial applications and uses. Major industrial applications for borides include, but are not restricted to, machining and cutting tools abrasives for grinding, lapping, or polishing heat-resistant shields in aerospace appHcations fiber reinforcement of composites (e.g., MMCs, CMCs) shields and bulletproof shields for military appHcations antioxidant additives in alumina or magnesia-carbon bricks neutron shields in nuclear reactors and nozzles. 

The wear resistance of the mandrels depends in the first place on the hardness and the smooth finish of the surface. They are therefore super-finished, i. e. their surfaces are lapped and polished after grinding. 

Improving the surface quality and finish by grinding, lapping, or polishing... 

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