Graphitic components, directed metal

Many practical electrodes are prepared from powdered active mass and some conductive additive, such as carbonaceous materials, that are bonded to a metallic current collector with a polymeric binder such as PVDF (described in the previous section). Such electrodes can be measured directly. Is it very useful to measure such electrodes in their pristine from, before any electrochemical treatment, and then as a function of their electrochemical history. For quantitative analysis (phase composition, evaluation of concentration of constituents in mixtures, etc.) it is important to use internal standards in the sample. Fortunately, several components of composite electrodes, which are, in any event, contained in the sample measured, can be used as internal standards. These include the current collector (Cu, Al), the conductive additive, such as graphite, or the binder, such as Teflon. 

The greatest potential for particulate release during reactor vessel safestorage undoubtedly arises from the corrosion of metallic components within the core. The graphite may also release particulates directly, through degradation (friction and wear) mechanisms, or from deposited carbon or other entrained materials such as oxide dusts. 

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which requires vapor condensation on a solid surface in a vacuum chamber or inside of a tube furnace at relatively high temperatures. Nowadays, this technique is used for coating metal and optical components,. Also, CVD is used for producing carbon nanotubes of a few nanometers in diameter on a variety of substrates at relatively low temperatures, but their alignment and direction on a substrate apparently ate difficult to achieve. This may be attributable to the graphite sheet size and morphology. 

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