Graphitic chemical reactivity

The physicochemical properties of carbonaceous materials can be altered in a predictable manner by different types of treatments. For example, heat treatment of soft carbons, depending on the temperature, leads to an increase in the crystallite parameters, La and Lc and a decrease in the d(0 0 2) spacing. Besides these physical changes in the carbon material, other properties such as the electrical conductivity and chemical reactivity are changed. A review of the electronic properties of graphite and other types of carbonaceous materials is presented by Spain [3],... 

It has been known since the mid 1950s that graphite can form intercalation compounds with lithium ions, which are accommodated in the interstitial region between the planar graphene sheets. ° The most lithium-enriched intercalation compound of this family has a stoichiometry of LiCe, and its chemical reactivity is very similar to that of lithium metal. There have been a number of different chemical approaches to the preparation of these compounds, for example, by direct reactions of graphite with molten lithium at 350 with... 

The pore structure and surface area of carbon-based materials determine their physical characteristics, while the surface chemical structure affects interactions with polar and nonpolar molecules due to the presence of chemically reactive fimctional groups. Active sites—edges, dislocations, and discontinuities—determine the reactivity of the carbon surface. As shown in Fig. 1, graphitic materials have at least two distinct types of surface sites, namely, the basal-plane and edge-plane sites [11]. It is generally considered... 

The first metallofullerenes, La C2 , were discovered by Smalley et al.18,23 after laser vaporization of composite targets made of graphite and lanthanum oxide or chloride. Because of their low-yield synthesis, laborious purification, and often air sensitivity and kinetic instability, studying the physical properties and chemical reactivity of these fascinating compounds was a serious challenge. Fortunately, the high sensitivity of the electrochemical methods was well adapted to study the microgram quantities in which these materials were usually available. The series of M C82... 

Beside the chemical composition, the crystalline structure of the mineral has an important effect on the adsorption ability of its surface. This is due to the fact that lattice bindings are usually not equivalent and space disproportions occur, so that fission surface areas have specific properties. Typical examples are layer lattices of graphite or talc where the main valences proceed in the layer plains whereas these are interconnected with feeble valences. Fission areas of such minerals are hydrophobic. The effect of the structure on adsorption properties of a mineral surface increases with increasing adsorption density and with decreasing force of the adsorption binding of the solid phase5. A crystalline lattice contains structural defects (which include physical and chemical surface imperfections and deficiencies in the volume phase) which can influence the chemical reactivity of a crystal surface. 

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