Graphene Quantum Dots Hybrids

Other graphene-NPs nanocomposites were also reported. For example, Lee and Kung et al. reported a graphene-Si NPs nanocomposites by a solution mixing method. The as-prepared 

and HCl. The process is controllable by varying the electrochemical deposition conditions. The PB-Graphene/GCE had admirable electrocatalytic performance towards both the reduction of H2O2 and the oxidation of hydrazine. 

The most common route is the formation of covalent bonds between organic functional oxygen containing groups of GO or graphene another route is the formation of covalent bonds between free radicals or dienophiles and C=C bonds of graphene. 

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The attachment of MN4-MC on the surface of graphene-based materials for electroanalytical purposes has been carried out by means of noncovalent interactions, mainly n-n stacking, as well as by chemical linkages between the sheets and the macrocyclic complexes. The utilization of biological species, polymers, and nanostructures such as magnetic nanoparticles, quantum dots, metallic nanopaiti-cles, and CNTs has also been incorporated in the fabrication of MN4-MC functional hybrid materials applied in electroanalysis. Selected examples that illustrate such variety of possibilities, configurations, and detection strategies will be discussed next. 

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