Graphene properties electrical conductivity

Carbon nanotubes are a new allotropic form of caibon and possess interesting physicochemical properties. Their chance discovery was a result of an enormous interest in fullerenes. Carbon nanotubes are built of graphene layers and can assume single- or multi-wallet structures [23,25,35]. Chemical modifications of nanotubes in both open terminated areas and on outer and inner walls create many possibilities. Prospective and present applications of nanotubes depend on their physicochemical properties, such as density, resistance to stretching and bending, thermal and electrical conductivity, field emission, as well as resistance to temperature. Good adsorption properties of nanocarbon materials contribute to their extensive practical application. 

The three-dimensional continuous nanostructured framework has a large specific surface area and favors rapid electron and ion transport in polymer-based electronics. The previously mentioned polymer composites with three kinds of structures can form three-dimensional porous structures when they were stacked. Besides, polymers can be incorporated into porous silica, carbon, and graphene as the retaining frameworks to form three-dimensional structured composites. The resultant composite materials exhibit surface properties of the polymers and high mechanical strength and high electric conductivity of the frameworks, which will provide new possibilities for advanced applications. The structures, such as the cormectivity, pore diameters, and shapes, are mainly decided by the frameworks. 

HGURE 4.4 Electrical properties of polymer composites. (A) The electrical conductivity of the PS/graphene composite as a function of graphene volume fraction. (B) The electrical conductivity of directly mixing (DM) CNT/PANI and CNT/ PANI nanofibers with different CNT contents in the directions being parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. 

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