Grand experiment

A great deal is known about chemical and isotopic fractionations on or within the Earth these are the business of geochemistry. It is important to remember, though, that our planet is a grand experiment carried out under a particular, and possibly unique, set of conditions. Meteorites, and the few samples available from the Moon and Mars, allow us to see how similar grand experiments proceeded under different conditions. Based on measured element and isotopic fractionations in meteorites, a rich variety of fractionation processes is indicated. 

The KASCADE-Grande experiment is located at the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany, at 110m above sea level, corresponding to an average... 

Table 1. The detectors of the KASCADE-Grande experiment with the detected particle types and their sensitive area.

With its extension the KASCADE-Grande experiment is able to measure primary particles up to 1018 eV. This is achieved with 37 detector stations from the former EAS-Top experiment forming the Grande array. These stations are arranged in a 0.5 km2 hexagonal grid with an average distance of 137 m. 

Hrandel J., 2004 Proc. 14th ISCRA, these proceedings S. Over - Development and comissioning of data acquisition systems for the KASCADE-Grande experiment, diploma thesis, Siegen University (2004)... 

In a grand experiment of market manipulation, the major car companies would have eight years to design and deploy electric cars. At first they d have to put out only a few hundred. But by 1998, 2 percent... 

By combining the three previously described experiments into one grand experiment, high-resolution C-NMR spectra of solids can be obtained [5]. The... 

Spectrum a of the stationary PMMA sample was obtained with scalar decoupling but without CP and shows no observable resonances. When the stationary sample is examined by using DD and CP (spectrum b), broad resonances are observed, and these resonances reflect the effects of chemical-shift anisotropy. With the addition of MAS to the DD experiment and elimination of CP, the lines are narrowed considerably, but the signal-to-noise ratio is poor (spectrum c). Finally, with the grand experiment (MAS-DD-CP), the spectrum is resolved into the specific carbons of the PMMA molecule with good signal-to-noise ratio (spectrum d). 

Such are the benefits of the grand experiment. Of course, what applies to PMMA can be used for other samples as well with proper manipulation of the various experimental factors. With modem spectrometers, the grand experiment can easily be accomplished in a routine manner after a preliminary determination of the relevant parameters. 

Applications of the grand experiment to polymers will be discussed in Chapter 9. 

By using the grand experiment, well-resolved C-NMR spectra for polymers in the solid state can be observed [5], One of the first questions that must be resolved concerns the magnitude of the measured isotropic chemical shifts of solids compared to that of solutions. It has been concluded that ... 

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