Graebe, Carl

Graebe, Carl, and O. Born. "Ueber Hydrophtalsaure." Annalen der Chemie 142 (1867) 330-45. 

Graebe, Carl. Geschichte der organischen Chemie. Berlin Springer, 1920. 

Production of dyestuffs initially followed empirical methods, but academic research, especially that of August Wilhelm v. Hofmann, Adolf v.Baeyer, Carl Graebe, Carl Liebermann, Emil Fischer and Heinrich Caro established the scientific bases which gave a powerful impetus to the German dyestuffs industry. Already by 1880, the German share in world dyestuffs production had reached one-half and in 1900 it exceeded 80%. 

Friedlander, P. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1882, 15, 2572. Paul Friedlander (1857-1923), born in Kdnigsberg, Prussia, apprenticed under Carl Graebe and Adolf von Baeyer. He was interested in mnsic and was an accomplished pianist. 

Grdbe (or Groebe), Carl (1841—1927). A German org chemist who established the constitution of naphthalene, anthracene and phthalic acid, etc. Co-synthesized with Carl Liebermann (1842-1914) alizarine Ref Hackb s Diet (1944), 386-R(Graebe) ... 

E. Vaupel, Carl Graebe (1841-1927) Leben, Werk und Wirken im Spiegel seines brieflichen Nachlasses , 2 vols, Ph.D. diss., University of Munich, 1987. 

Sausage formulas appear in Baeyer s letters to Kekul dated 28 November 1861,19 March 1865, and 26 April 1865 (AKS). Carl Graebe remembered the models from his student days with Baeyer, and praised their pedagogical utility Graebe, Geschkhte (1920), 236. 

The argument appears first to have been made by Baeyer s student Carl Graebe Graebe and Born, "Hydrophtalsaure," (1867), 333. 

The most important dyestuff in the madder root is alizarin. In the plant it occurs as a glycoside, bonded to glucose and xylose (ruberythric acid or alizarin-2-O-/1-primeveroside). The structure was elucidated in 1868 by Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann (two students of Adolf von Baeyer) at the Berliner Gewerbe-akademie (Berlin Trade Academy). 

In 1866, Emil Erlenmeyer explained aromaticity on the basis of specific reactivity he also suggested the structural formula for naphthalene, which was confirmed by Carl Graebe in 1868. 

Phthalic acid was discovered by the French chemist Auguste Laurent in 1836. During experiments with naphthalene, he discovered an acidic substance, which he called naphthalene acid . In 1869, Carl Graebe established that this naphthalene acid was, in fact, o-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid). 

Anthracene was first discovered in coal tar by Jean B.A. Dumas and Auguste Laurent in 1832. The importance of anthracene for industrial aromatic chemistry began with the synthesis of the dyestuff alizarin by Carl Graebe and Carl Th. Liebermann, as well as by William H. Perkin in 1868, replacing the natural dye produced from madder. Anthraquinone dyestuffs have remained the most important class of dyes, alongside azo-dyes, since the beginning of the chemistry of synthetic dyestuffs. 

Pyrene was discovered in coal tar by Carl Graebe in 1871. It is present in concentrations of nearly 2%. 

Carbazole was discovered in coal tar, where it is present in a concentration of around 1.5%, by Carl Graebe and Carl Glaser in 1872. Crude carbazole (70%) can be recovered as a side stream from the distillation to isolate anthracene it can then be produced in pure form by crystallization from polar solvents such as acetophenone. 

The hexagonal ring structure of benzene provided an explanation of the occurrence of three disubstituted benzenes, but there remained the considerable problem of assigning a structure to each of the three isomers. In 1867 Carl Graebe (1841-1927) argued that, of the benzenedicarboxylic acids, the one which readily formed an anhydride (phthalic acid) must have the two carboxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms. 

Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann in Berlin find that the natural product alizarin is an anthraquinone derivative of the aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene, establish the partial structure of alizarin and a route to its synthesis. This represents the first synthesis of a complex natural product in the laboratory. 

More famous was his work on the industrial synthesis of alizarin, from early 1869 to, probably, the end of 1871. In collaboration with Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann, the academic inventors of a low-yield laboratory synthesis of this... 

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