Gold catalysis Alkene activation

Apart from these two examples, in the rest of the olefin activations, gold coordinates to the olefin, turning it susceptible to nucleophilic attack. The early examples of alkene functionalization by gold catalysis (equation 144) focused on the intermolecular addition of 1,3-diketones to styrenes. " An intramolecular version with ketoamides to yield pyrrolidinones was later developed and followed by the intermolecular addition of phenols (equation 145) and carboxylic acids to double bonds,a work that included an example of intramolecular addition of an aliphatic alcohol to an olefin. 

Within the last decade, another source of diboron activation has been promoted in basis to the efEcient application to catalysis. This is the use of nanoparticles which can interact with the diboron reagent and develop an enhanced performance toward diboration reaction. Fernandez observed in 2008 that the in situ formation of Au nanoparticles, from Au(I) complexes, could not only activate the B2cat2 but also deliver the boryl units on alkenes with total chemoselectivity. " The gold nanoparticles were estimated to have a mean crystaUite size of 10.5 0.3 nm. The gold nanoparticles were stabilized by 2,2 -bis-(diphenylphosphino)-l-l -binaphthyl (BINAP), diphenylphosphinoethane (DPPE), and L-glutathione. The core size and size distribution ofBINAP-Au nanoparticles were examined by transition electron microscopy (TEM), and the image shows disperse nanopartides 6.9 3.0 nm in diameter (Fig. 6). 

---