Glycolate pathway

There is some evidence that one potential effect of the release of fluoride is for it to act as an antimicrobial agent. It is known that millimolar concentrations of fluoride ion in water will affect a variety of activities in several types of cell [38]. It does this by denaturing the enzymes. In bacteria, the most important enzyme which can be affected is enolase, and this is responsible for the conversion of 2-P-glycerate to 2-enol pyruvate in the glycolic pathway. Enolase is a magnesium-containing... 

This is a type of aldol addition (known as biological aldol addition) and is one of the reaction in the metabolism of carbohydrates by the glycolic pathway. 

The glycolate pathway converts two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to a molecule of serine (three carbons) and a molecule of C02 (Fig. 20-21). In the chloroplast, a phosphatase converts 2-phosphoglycolate to glycolate, which is exported to the peroxisome. There, glycolate is... 

By the reaction of D-glyceraldehyde and 1,3-dihydroxypropane (both as monophosphate ester), D-fructose as the 1,6-diphosphate ester is formed. The process is readily reversible and is catalysed by an enzyme known as aldolase. This is a type of aldol addition (known as biological aldol addition) and is one of the reaction in the metabolism of carbohydrates by the glycolic pathway. 

Radioactive isoprene was liberated from leaf surfaces of Hamamelis virginiana and Quercus borealis when labelled intermediates of the glycolate pathway and labelled mevalonate were fed to them.55 It is not clear whether MVA was an obligate precursor of isoprene, although inhibition studies showed a distinct similarity between the biosynthetic pathway to isoprene and that to /3-carotene. 

Major pathways for the synthesis and interconversion of glycine and serine in plants are outlined in the scheme in Fig. 1. The most studied pathway, the glycolate pathway, is that associated with photosynthesis and responsible for photorespiration (see Tolbert, this series, Vol. 2, Chapter 12). Flux through this pathway is rapid especially in the leaves of C3 plants. Alternatives to the glycolate pathway exist in green and nongreen tissues but because of slower turnover rates evidence for them from experiments using isotopic tracers is less clear and the enzymes concerned are more difficult to study because of their lower concentration in the tissues. 

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