Glycerol polyphosphate

In the Codex Alimentarius a number of further sequestrants and antioxidant synergists are issued which also pertain to the group of antioxidants. The main representatives of sequestrants are acetates, citrates, tartrates, phosphates, orthophosphates, diphosphates, triphosphates, and polyphosphates, esters of glycerol, sorbitol and sorbitol syrup, gluconates, and 1,4-heptonolactone. Lactates and tartaric acid are considered as antioxidant synergists. The spectrum... 

Teichoic acids (TAs), naturally occurring polyphosphates of substituted glycerol (7) or ribitol (2) in the simpler cases, are biopolymers isolated from the cell walls (wall TAs) or membranes [membrane TAs or lipoteichoic acids (LTAs)] of various Grampositive bacteria ... 

Typical wall teichoic acids are the linear polyphosphates of glycerol-1,3 or D-ribitol-1,5. Their average polymerization degree varies from 30 to 40. Carbon atoms at positions 2 and 4 in the ribitol and at position 2 in the glycerol moieties are substituted with sugar residues or with D-alanyl ester groups as shown 7 and 2 8). 

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the brain inositol signaling system. The quantities of IMPase isoenzymes and IPPase are increased by chronic lithium treatment occurring at either the gene or protein levels. Inositol in this diagram indicates the myo-inositol isomer. Calbindin -calcium binding protein DAG- diacyl glycerol Gq-GTP binding protein IMPase 1 — inositol mono phosphatase 1 IPPase- inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase Ins(l)P, Ins(3)P, Ins(4)P-inos-itol monophosphates Ins(l,3)P2 - inositol 1,3-bisphosphate Ins( 1,4)/ 2 - inositol 1,4-bisphos-phate Ins(3,4)/)2- inositol 3,4-bisphosphate Ins (1,4,5)P3 - inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Ins( 1,3,4)/ 3 - inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate Li+-lithium PA - phosphatidic acid PI- phosphatidyl inositol PIP- phosphatidyl inositol 4-phosphate PIP2- phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate PIP3- phosphatidyl inositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate PLC - phospholipase-C, VPA-valproate.

AcK acetate kinase AcP acetyl phosphate AdK adenylate kinase AP A p ,pn-di(adenosine 5 -) n-phosphate ARS aminoacyl tRNA synthetase ATP, ADP, AMP adenosine 5 -tri-, di-, monophosphate ATP-u-S (Sp)-adenosine 5 -0-(l-thiotriphos-phate), ATP-y-S adenosine 5 -0-(3-thiotriphosphate) CK carbamyl kinase CP carbamyl phosphate CrK creatine kinase CTP, CDP, CMP cytidine 5 -tri-, di-, monophosphate dATP, dAMP deoxyadenosine 5 -tri-, monophosphate DNA deoxyribonucleic acid AG change in free energy GK glycerol kinase GTP, GDP, GMP guanosine 5 -tri-, di-, monophosphate HK hexokinase IUB International Union of Biochemistry MCP methoxycarbonyl phosphate NTP, NDP, NMP nucleoside 5 -tri-, di-, monophosphate PC phosphocreatine PEP phosphoenol pyruvate P orthophosphate PK pyruvate kinase P polyphosphate PnK poly-... 

Iron(m) has its greatest affinity for ligands that coordinate by oxygen, viz., phosphate ions, polyphosphates, and polyols such as glycerol, sugars,... 

The most prominent phosphoms polymers are nucleic acid (NA) and teichoic acid (TA) these naturally occurring polymers are not covered in this chapter. Backbones of NA and TA are composed of hydrolytically stable diesters of phosphoric acids. The major functions of DNA (and several types of RNA) are related to storing and transferring information, genetic code, synthesis of proteins with a given microstmcture, and contribution to the funaion of memory. Less known TA (mainly polyphosphates of glycerol or ribitol) with molar mass up to 2.5 x 10 are present in cell walls in Gram-positive baaeria. The main function of TAs is to provide... 

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