Glutamine, 494 Table

This category is represented by small quantities of asparagine and glutamine (Table 5.1). Urea is also included in this group ... 

N -(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-L-glutamine (Table 6) has been isolated from Psalliota bisporus 398). 

Dietary sources rich in glutamine include all foods that are rich in protein, particularly milk protein and meats. Three ounces (85 g) of meat, chicken, or fish contains 3 to 4 g of glutamine. Plant foods such as spinach, parsley, and cabbage are also sources of glutamine. Table 14.2 provides some examples of food sources of... 

At the Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility of the University of Calgary experimental data have been collected (Linardos, 1991) to investigate the effect of glucose to glutamine ratio on monoclonal antibody (anti-Lewish IgM) productivity in a chemostat and they are reproduced here in Tables 17.8, 17.9 and 17.10. Data are provided for a 5 1 (standard for cell culture media), 5 2 and 5 3 glucose to glutamine ratio in the feed. The dilution rate was kept constant at 0.45 d . 

Table 17.8 Glucose/Glutamine Ratio Experimental Data from a Chemostat Run with a Glucose to Glutamine Ratio in the Feed of 5 1...

Table 7.9 Glucose/Glutamine Ratio Experimental Data from a Chemostat...

Glutamine and ATP analogues were useful to probe the reaction mechanism, but these inhibitors are likely to interfere with many other enzymes acting on the same substrates. More recently, analogues of puromycin (22) (Table 5) were synthesized and evaluated as mechanism-based selective inhibitors of H. pylori... 

Amino groups released by deamination reactions form ammonium ion (NH " ), which must not escape into the peripheral blood. An elevated concentration of ammonium ion in the blood, hyperammonemia, has toxic effects in the brain (cerebral edema, convulsions, coma, and death). Most tissues add excess nitrogen to the blood as glutamine. Muscle sends nitrogen to the liver as alanine and smaller quantities of other amino acids, in addition to glutamine. Figure I-17-1 summarizes the flow of nitrogen from tissues to either the liver or kidney for excretion. The reactions catalyzed by four major enzymes or classes of enzymes involved in this process are summarized in Table T17-1. 

Table 2.2 Approximate content of glycogen, triacylglycerol and glutamine in a normal adult male and the estimated time for which they would last, if they were the only fuel used, during two forms of physical activity and during starvation...

Figure 8.4 General summary of metabolism of amino adds. Amino adds in blood can be derived from the diet or hydrolysis of endogenous protein. The nitrogen in the amino acids can be used to synthesise other nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g. glutamine - see Table 8.4) or removed as urea (Chapter 10). The amino acids are also used to synthesise proteins or peptides. The carbon can be converted to CO2, glucose or triacylglycerol, but, in humans, very little is converted into fat, so triacylglycerol is omitted from the figure.

Table 8.11 Roles of glutamine in some cells, tissues and organs Immune cells...

It has been considered that glucose and fatty acids (long or short chain) are the major fuels for oxidation in most cells, but the amino acid glutamine is now known to be a major fuel for some cells (Table 9.1). 

For the basis and data upon which the information in this table was obtained, see Appendix 9.2. For evidence that glutamine is a fuel in the blood, see Chapter 8. 

Undemutrition decreases the levels of ATP and phospho-creatine in muscle which affects function, but they return to normal levels with adequate energy intake (Table 18.3). The store of glutamine in muscle is also decreased. 

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