Glutamine synthetase and

The enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and aminotransferases occupy central positions in amino acid biosynthesis. The combined effect of... 

S. E. Smith, B. L. St John, F. A. Smith, and D. j. D. Nicholas, Activity of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in Trifolium subterraneum and Allium cepa L., effects of mycorrhizal infection and phosphorus nutrition. New Phytologist 99 211 (1985). 

In contrast to the findings obtained in Ref. [34], it was concluded [36,37] that exposure of proteins to peroxynitrite leads to a very small increase in carbonyl content at physiological pH and C02 concentration. At the same time, carbonyl contents in glutamine synthetase and BSA increased in the absence of C02. These data show the importance of C02 in the... 

Some tumour cells possess the enzyme glutamine synthetase and so are able to synthesise glutamine from glutamate as expected, proliferation of these tumour cells is not dependent upon the presence of glutamine in the culture medium. 

Pillai, R.P. Raushel, F.M. Villafranca, J.J. Stereochemistry of binding of thiophosphate analogs of ATP and ADP to carbamate kinase, glutamine synthetase, and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 199, 7-15 (1980)... 

The net reaction of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase (Eqns 22-1 and 22-2) is... 

Muscolo, A., Panuccio, M. R., Abenavoli, M. R., Concheri, G, and Nardi, S. (1996). Effect of molecular complexity and acidity of earthworm faeces humic fractions on glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Daucus carota II cells. Biol. Fertil. Soils 22, 83-88. 

Glutamic acid is used by two different activities glutamine synthetase and glutamic acid decarboxylase. 

Glutamine synthetase and glutamic acid decarboxylase catalyze the conversion of glutamic acid to glutamine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), respectively. Since both activities are involved in the metabolism of this amino acid, it would be useful to be able to study both simultaneously. And indeed, an HPLC method was developed to measure both activities in crude extracts. 

Berger, M.G., Sprengart, M.L., Kusnan, M. and Fock, H.P. (1986) Ammonia fixation via glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase in the crassulacean acid metabolism plant, Cissus quadrangularis. Plant Physiol., 81, 356-60. 

Wang, R. and Nicholas, D.J.D. (1985) Some properties of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase from Derxia gummosa. Phytochemistry, 24,1133-40. 

Carpenter, E. J., Bergman, B., Dawson, R., Siddiqui, P. J. A., Soderback, E., and Capone, D. G. (1992). Glutamine synthetase and nitrogen cycling in colonies of the marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 3122—3129. 

YeUowlees, D., Rees, T., A. V., and Pitt, W. K. (1994). Effect of ammonium-supplemented seawater on glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in host tissue and zooxanthellae of Podllopora damicornis and on ammonium uptake rates of the zooxanthellae. Poe. Sci. 48, 291—295. 

Miflin, B. J., and Habash, D. Z. (2002). The role of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation and possibilities for improvement in the nitrogen utilization of crops. J. Exp. Bot. 53, 979-987. 

Figure 24.28. A Higher Level in the Regulatory Cascade of Glutamine Synthetase. and Pq the regulatory proteins that control the specificity of adenylyl transferase, are interconvertible. P is converted into Pq by uridylylation, which is reversed by hydrolysis. The enzymes catalyzing these reactions are regulated by the concentrations of metabolic intermediates.

Takumi Y, Matsubara A, Danbolt NC, Laake JH, Storm-Mathisen J, Usami S, Shinkawa H, Ottersen OP (1997) Discrete cellular and subcellular localization of glutamine synthetase and the glutamate transporter GLAST in the rat vestibular end organ. Neuroscience 79 1137-1144. 

A GLUTAMATE-GLUTAMINE CYCLE IN THE INNER EAR GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE AND GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS... 

---