Glue technique

The medium is the binder which provides for the adhesion of pigments. The most important types are the temper media (glue, egg, and gum), the oils, and wax. In addition, for wall painting there is the tme fresco technique, where the pigments are laid down in a fresh, wet plaster preparation layer. Several other media have been used, but much less frequendy, eg, casein temper. In modem paints, a number of synthetic resins are used for this purpose. Contemporary artist paints are often based on acryhc polymers (see Acrylic ester polymers Paints). 

The proteinaceous binders are one of the main constituents of the wide range of organic materials and are a central component of the artist s palette. In the technique referred to as tempera, artists commonly used proteinaceous binders derived from egg, milk or casein, and collagen glues derived from animal skins or bones. These can be used independently, mixed together, or in a more complex mixture with siccative oils (as in the tempera grassa technique) or plant gums. 

In a dewar, the thermal isolation of cold parts is mainly realized by means of vacuum. Hence a good knowledge of vacuum techniques is needed and also skillness in the localization and elimination of leaks. A cryogenist should know how to solder, weld and glue. 

The introduction of matrices to assist the laser desorption ionization (LDI) process has lead to the development of the so-called matrix-assisted LDI (MALDI). This technique has been applied to identify terpenoid varnishes and their oxidized products [46], Combined with enzymatic cleavage, MALDI has also been used in the identification of animal glue. 

Bonding techniques can be divided in four groups glueing, soldering, mechanical bonding and solid- solid bonding. Let us have a closer look at some of these techniques. 

Pursifull NF, Morey AF. (2007) Tissue glues and nonsuturing techniques. Curr. Opin. Urol. 17, 396-401. 

Nanotransfer printing (nTP) is a more recent high resolution printing technique. It uses surface chemistries as interfacial glues and release layers (rather than inks ) to control the transfer of solid material layers from relief features on a stamp to a substrate [10-12, 44], This approach is purely additive (i.e. material is only deposited in locations where it is needed) and it can generate complex two or three-dimensional structures in single or multiple layers with nanometer resolu-... 

Polymethylphenylsiloxanes with active hydrogen atoms and vinyl groups at the silicon atom are used to manufacture glass fibres (by the contact molding technique), glue compositions and filling compounds. 

In the use of spraying blenders, the following technique can be successfully applied. All the paraformaldehyde powder hardener and 30% of the tannin adhesive spray-dried powder is removed from the liquid glue mix. The paraformaldehyde and wattle adhesive powder are then added to the wood chips just before the adhesive blender where the liquid glue mix is sprayed onto the wood particles. Core material MCs of 10 to 12% and face material MCs of 20 to 22% can then easily be achieved in spite of the high viscosity of tannin solutions. The percentage of paraformaldehyde used should be 14% based on wattle extract solids. The adhesive pH should be, in optimal cases, 6.5 to 6.7 for face material and 6.9 to 7.3 for core material. The percentage of resin solids on dry wood should be 11% for core material and 14 to 18% for face material. 

---