Glucocorticoids dexamethasone

Tolrestat (28) is a long-acang aldose reductase inhibitor useful in the prophylaxis of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and cataracts [24 25] Lastly, the intro-ducuon of fluorine into steroids probably ushered in the modem era of fluonnated drugs Many commercial products were introduced [2] Typical of the products are the anti inflammatory glucocorticoids dexamethasone (29 X = F, Y = H), para-methasone (29, X = H, Y = F), and flumethasone (29, X = H, Y = F)... 

Also, a high proportion of depressed patients do not show the reduction in cortisol secretion which is seen when normal subjects are challenged with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, that normally decreases further release through feedback... 

Fibrinogen synthesis is stimulated by hormones such as the glucocorticoid dexamethasone or suppressed by the estrogen estadiol-17 (Amrani et al., 1983 Wangh et al, 1983). The three fibrinogen genes share a... 

Steroid structure and biosynthesis have been used from a pharmacologic standpoint. Pharmacologists have tried to develop more effective and less toxic synthetic steroids by manipulating the chemical side groups of these compounds. An example is the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, which is 25 times... 

The antibacterial activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes is based on the production of superoxide anions and H2O2 in the respiratory burst. Combinations of an antibacterial agent and an anti-inflammatory drug are commonly used in immunosuppressed patients whose respiratory burst of poljmiorphonuclear leukocytes is impaired. An in vitro study has shown that the combination of a glucocorticoid (dexamethasone, methylpredniso-lone, betamethasone, hydrocortisone) with ofloxacin 10 mg/ml neutralizes the inhibitory effect of the former on the respiratory burst (15). 

Moderate doses (50-150 p.p.m. min) can produce sub-clinical pulmonary oedema, which may be prevented or alleviated by administering glucocorticoids (dexamethasone-nicotinate aerosol, 3x5 puffs, and prednisolone, 0.1 g intravenously) as soon as possible after exposure. If radiography reveals no sign of oedema after eight hours, the patient may be discharged. If radiography is not available, supervision should be continued for twenty-four hours. 

Prenatal diagnosis and fetal therapy of affected female fetuses may be desirable since corrective surgery of external genitalia is not always optimal. Oral administration of a synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone, which crosses the placenta) to the mother during pregnancy can limit the virilization of a female fetus. Dexamethasone is used instead of cortisol because cortisol does not readily cross the placental barrier. 

A variety of debilitating diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory myopathies, cancers, and a variety of immunological diseases are treated with the classic synthetic glucocorticoids, dexamethasone, and prednisone. However, long-term treatment with these drugs often leads to serious side effects such as fat redistribution, diabetes, vascular necrosis, and osteoporosis. There is currently an intense effort to identify new small molecules that are able to differentially modulate GR to retain the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids and reduce the incidence of unwanted side effects [10]. 

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