Global scale dynamics

Cai and Whetton (2002) drew attention to the fact that ocean dynamics can considerably aflfect future global-scale precipitation. Developments in these difficult problems are based on the use of both observed data and the results of numerical modeling, and have led to quite different conclusions. The climatic warming of the last decades was characterized by the spatial structure similar to that of the ENSO event. But since there are no data on such a structure for the whole century, the observed structure of warming is assumed to be a manifestation of the multi-decadal natural variability of climate, not the result of greenhouse forcing. 

On global scales, flux H2 prevails in World Ocean regions with cold waters (northern latitudes, upwelling zones) and flux //2 does so in warm waters. The dynamics of this regime is maintained by reactions in the hydrosphere between C02 and water resulting in the formation of carbonic acid ... 

Nicolis C. and Nicolis G. (1995). From short-scale atmospheric variability to global climate dynamics Toward a systematic theory of averaging. J. of Atm. Sci., 52(11), 1903-1913. Nielsen T.T. (1999). Characterization of lire regimes in the Experiment for Regional Sources and Sinks of Oxidants (EXPRESSO) study area. J. Geophys. Res., 104(D23),... 

On a global scale, the linear viscoelastic behavior of the polymer chains in the nanocomposites, as detected by conventional rheometry, is dramatically altered when the chains are tethered to the surface of the silicate or are in close proximity to the silicate layers as in intercalated nanocomposites. Some of these systems show close analogies to other intrinsically anisotropic materials such as block copolymers and smectic liquid crystalline polymers and provide model systems to understand the dynamics of polymer brushes. Finally, the polymer melt-brushes exhibit intriguing non-linear viscoelastic behavior, which shows strainhardening with a characteric critical strain amplitude that is only a function of the interlayer distance. These results provide complementary information to that obtained for solution brushes using the SFA, and are attributed to chain stretching associated with the space-filling requirements of a melt brush. 

A.-L. Sumner, C. Spicer, in N. Pirrone, K.R. Mahaffey (Eds.), Dynamics of Mercury Pollution on Regional and Global Scales Atmospheric Processes and Human Exposures Around the World, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2005. 

The dynamics of canopy-scale net fluxes of water and CO2 exchanged between vegetation and the atmosphere are routinely measured today with micrometeorological methods (e.g., with eddy covariance www.daac.ornl.gov/FLUXNET/ fluxnet.html). Combining these methods with isotopic measurements allows to partition a net flux into its gross flux components. The approach here is similar to that used on the global scale to... 

Geochemical constituents are transported by the circulation of the Earth s three major near-surface dynamic systems the oceans, the atmosphere, and continental water. This chapter deals with the third of these, specihcally with subsurface water. Surface water is an important medium for transporting geochemical constituents on a global scale, and is relatively easily accessed and quantihed. In contrast, subsurface water is not easy to access, and... 

Soil plays the central role as organizer of the terrestrial ecosystem (Coleman et al., 1998). It may be perceived as the center of tire ecosystem, which evolves because of interactions of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. A factor of central importance of soil to ecological studies is that soils on a global scale have a range of characteristics, which enable an enormous array of microorganisms, plants, animals, and humans to coexist and thrive. Among the environmental compartments, about 90% of environmental pollutants are bound with soil particles and 9% of the pollutants are bound with aquatic sediments (Table 1.7). These soil- and sediment-bound pollutants are in dynamic equilibrium with the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Soil physicochemical and... 

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