Gin still

Gin manufacture in the United States may be carried on along with the manufacture of whiskey and spirits. Its place in this unitized operation is shown in Fig. 26. A specialized plant for the manufacture of gin is shown in Fig. 34. The process is as follows Pure spirit from the charge tank is drawn as needed to the gin still. Sufficient good-quality water is added to dilute the alcohol to about 125% proof. The juniper berries and other flavors required for a batch are placed in the gin head. High pressure steam is run through a coil in the still to cause distillation. The heads and tails are discarded, and the middle run, after dilution with distilled water in the blending tank to 80 or 90% proof, is drawn off to bottles. 

Fig. 34.— (Redrawn from sketch of Gin Still unit, E. B. Badger Sons Co.)... 

Aleshin and coworkers (49) have reported the X-ray crystal structure at 2.2-A resolution of a G2-type variant produced by Aspergillus awamori. Meanwhile, an attempt was made to determine the amino acid residues that participate in the substrate binding and catalysis provided by G2 of A. niger (52). The results of the chemical approach indicated that the Asp-176, Glu-179, and Glu-180 form an acidic cluster crucial to the functioning of the enzyme. This conclusion was then tested by site-specific mutagenesis of these amino acid residues, which were replaced, one at a time, with Asn, Gin, and Gin, respectively (53). The substitution at Glu-179 provided an inactive protein. The other two substitutions affected the kinetic parameters but were not of crucial importance to the maintenance of activity. The crystal structure (49) supports the conclusion that Glu-179 functions as the catalytic acid but Asp-17 6 does not appear to be a good candidate for provision of catalytic base. Thus, there still exists considerable uncertainty as to how the disaccharide is accepted into the combining site for hydrolysis. Nevertheless, the kind of scheme presented by Svensson and coworkers (52) almost surely prevails. 

As the value of AG increases (see part b) the value of K will decrease. You get 1 point for using A G= -/Gin Kin your discussion. If you got the justification for part b wrong, and you used the same argument here, you will not be penalized twice. You still get your point. 

GNB remain on the lint (97.2% of raw cotton weight), simple calculations show that only about 56% of the total GNB content in raw cotton is localized on the gross trash. Removal of all gross trash from raw cotton will still leave about 44% of the GNB on the lint or on the fine particulate associated with the lint. Thus, extensive cleaning of these raw cottons either in the gin or in the preparative steps of cotton yarn production might not significantly lower the content of entrained GNB. 

The cotton fibres are removed from seeds by a process called "ginning . The recovered fibres are called "lint . The seeds, to which very short fibres called "linters are still attached, are sent to a cotton-seed mill where the seeds and "linters are separated from each other... 

The most important of these are whisky and gin. By whisky is meant the distillation product of the fermented worts obtained by diastatic saccharification of various cereals. Good whiskies are prepared by partial rectification of the first distillate. Gin is similarly prepared, but juniper berries are added to the still thus, it contains juniper oil as well as the prdinary impurities of alcohol. 

With the end of the Gvil War, the importance of hemp as a commercial crop declined. Emancipation of the slaves cut into the number of laborers harvesting hemp. More importantly, the invention of the cotton gin gave cotton a decided economic advantage over hemp and flax. The development of cheap wood pulp reduced the need for hemp as a source of paper, although it was still used in the manufacture of cigarette papers, money and Bibles. 

The incorporation of unprotected side-chain derivatives of Asn and Gin derivatives has also been investigated using HATU. In the SPPS of AGP no cyano derivatives of Asn and Gin were detected, however, the incorporation of Asn was not complete, possibly due to the low solubility of Fmoc-Asn-OH in DMF.P l Due to this low solubility of Fmoc-Asn-OH and the unfavorable effects of unprotected side chains on the aggregation behavior of the growing peptide chain, the use of side-chain protection is reconunended (Section 2.3.3).f l For reasons still not clear, even side-chain protection of Asn does not fully eliminate deficiencies in phosphonium- or uronium-mediated couplings. Thus, the incorporation of Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH is more satisfactory if one equivalent of HOAt is present during HATU-mediated couplings.P ... 

The inconveniences of DCC, A-acylurea formation, dehydration of Asn and Gin residues, and racemization, can be reduced by performing the acylation step in the presence of a suitable nucleophile which reacts very quickly with the G-acylisourea before side reactions can occur. An acylating agent of lower potency but still sufficiently reactive toward aminolysis and more resistant towards side reactions and racemization is formed. The additive is usually applied in equimolar amount with the two components to be coupled. As a result, there are two moles of nucleophiles, the additive and the amino component, present in the reaction mixture for each mole of carboxylic acid component or carbodiimide. Therefore the lifetime of highly reactive intermediates, such as G-acylisoureas and symmetrical anhydrides is considerably reduced. The concentration of the additive that acts as a second nucleophile increases with respect to the carboxylic component during the coupling reaction, because it is continuously regenerated. The most commonly used additives used in combination with DCC are shown in Scheme 2. 

Cottonseed Preparation. Most oilseeds require some degree of cleaning and preparation before the oil is separated from the solid portion of the seed. After the cotton flber is removed from the seed by the ginning operation, the seed still has short linters with a white appearance. This is called white or fuzzy cottonseed in the... 

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