Gibbs energy of reaction.

A G° Gibbs energy of reaction under standard conditions (298 K, 1 atm) kJ moU1... 

Gibbs energy of reaction, J standard Gibbs energy of reaction, J... 

Finally, the gas-phase acidity of the molecule AH, represented by AacidG°(AH), is the standard Gibbs energy of reaction 4.27 (usually at 298.15 K). 

The Hammett equation is the best-known example of a linear free-energy relationship (LEER), that is an equation which implies a linear relationship between free energies (Gibbs energies) of reaction or activation for two related processes71. It describes the influence of polar meta- or para-substituents on reactivity for side-chain reactions of benzene derivatives. 

The electrodes store chemical energy. The amount depends on the thermodynamic quantity of the Gibbs energy of reaction or differences of... 

This Gibbs energy of reaction is converted into the electrical energy zq dSE. Then we have for the cell voltage... 

Data for secondary master species and product species include the stoichiometry and logI0 K° of the formation reactions, the standard Gibbs energy of reaction (ArGm), the standard enthalpy of reaction (Athe standard entropy of reaction (Ar5m), the standard isobaric heat capacity... 

In heterogeneous solid state reactions, the phase boundaries move under the action of chemical (electrochemical) potential gradients. If the Gibbs energy of reaction is dissipated mainly at the interface, the reaction is named an interface controlled chemical reaction. Sometimes a thermodynamic pressure (AG/AK) is invoked to formalize the movement of the phase boundaries during heterogeneous reactions. This force, however, is a virtual thermodynamic force and must not be confused with mechanical (electrical) forces. 

If the pulverization is performed in a reversible manner, the increase in Gibbs energy corresponds to the Gibbs energy of Reaction 4. 

A distinguishing aspect in electrode kinetics is that the heterogeneous rate constants, kred and kox, can be controlled externally by the difference between the inner potential in the metal electrode (V/>M) and in solution (7/>so1) that is, through the interfacial potential difference E = electrode setup (typically, a three-electrode arrangement and a potentiostat), the E-value can be varied in order to distort the electrochemical equilibrium and favor the electro-oxidation or electro-reduction reactions. Thus, the molar electrochemical Gibbs energy of reaction Scheme (l.IV), as derived from the electrochemical potentials of the reactant and product species, can be written as (see Eqs. 1.32 and 1.33 with n = 1)... 

The other thermodynamic properties for a reaction are related to the Gibbs energy of reaction through Maxwell equations (see Section 2.3). Because of equation 3.1-5, equation 3.1-4 can be written... 

Gibbs energy of reaction in kJ molA-l at specified pHs and ionic strengths for a biochemical reaction typed in the form atp+h2o+de adp+pi. The names of reactants call the appropriate functions of pH and ionic strength. pHlist and is list can be lists. ) energy = Solve [eq, de] energy[[l, 1, 2J /. pH - pHlist /. is - islist]... 

This program can be used to calculate standard transformed Gibbs energies of reaction or standard transformed enthalpies of reaction in kJ mol"1. To calculate the changes in standard transformed enthalpy, an h is appended to the name of the reactant. 

Since the hydrolysis of ATP evolves heat, Le Chatelier s principle says raising the temperature will cause the reaction to go less far to the right. But at 313 K the transformed Gibbs energy of reaction is more negative. To apply Le Chatelier we have to look at the apparent equilibrium constants. At pH 7 and ionic strength 0, we obtain... 

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