Mitochondria giant

Cyclosporine is a macrolide antibiotic and has been used as an immunosuppressive agent. Cyclosporine can cause both renal and nonrenal toxicity. Clinically renal toxicity consists of four discrete syndromes which include acute reversible renal functional impairment, delayed renal allograft function, acute vasculopathy, and chronic nephropathy with interstitial fibrosis. Proximal tubular epithelium is uniquely sensitive to the toxic effect. The toxic effect is characterized by isometric cytoplasmic vacuolations (several small equally sized vacuoles in cytoplasm), necrosis with or without subsequent mineralization, inclusion bodies (giant mitochondria), and giant lysosomes. Acute vasculopathy consists of vacuolization of the arteriolar smooth muscles and endothelial cells leading to necrosis. In some cases, thrombotic microangiopathy develops, characterized by thrombosis of the renal micro vasculature. Long-term treatment with cyclosporine results in chronic nephropathy with interstitial fibrosis (Chamey et al., 2004). 

Alcoholic foamy degeneration is considered to be a variant of alcoholic fatty liver (T. Uchida et al., 1983). There is evidence of microvesicular steatosis, giant mitochondria, focal cell necrosis (with elevation of GPT, GOT and GDH) and cholestasis (with increase of AP and sometimes of bilirubin), whereas inflammatory alterations are rare and Mallory bodies totally absent. Likewise, there is no sign of fever or leucocytosis. (133)... 

As seen in Table 7.1 and 7.2, there are, in addition to these two examples, several other photoactive cells in which we have identified cubic membranes. In the case of the mitochondrial cubic membrane in Tupaia gUs we can speculate that the use of an isotropic structure allows efficient capture of the incoming light, which has to pass the giant mitochondria before reaching the outer segment. Similar reasons may guide the choice of a cubic membrane system in the lens of certain scaleworms. 

Tacrolimus causes acute reversible renal dysfunction in renal [661-663,667], hver [290,664-666,679,680], heart [681-683] and pulmonary [684, 685] transplant recipients and in patients with immunologically mediated diseases [686]. Tacrolimus-induced GFR and RBF decrease is associated with an important increase in renal vascular resistance, both in humans and rodents [63,679,687-692]. Calcium channel blockers improved renal function in TAC-treated liver transplant recipients [693] and in animal models of TAC nephrotoxicity [689,694-6%]. Tacrohmus acute nephrotoxicity, similar to CSA, shows normal renal histology or non-specific changes such as isometric cytoplasmic vacuolation in tubular epithelial cells, microcalcification, giant mitochondria and lysosomes, and necrosis and early hyahnosis of individual smooth muscle cells in the afferent arterioles, which revert with drug reduction or discontinuation [697-699]. 

The thickness of the zona glomerulosa decreased in 6-month-old Wistar rats exposed to chronic nor-mobaric hypoxia (Lorente et al. 2002). The main ultrastructural changes were 1) a decrease in, or complete elimination of lipid droplets content 2) a marked increase in the lysosome number and 3) giant mitochondria. 

Fig. 275. Giant mitochondria with a very dense arrangement and orientation of the vesicular cristae to a hexagonal pattern. Zona fasciculata (block BNh 2111) of the adrenal cortex of a Wistar rat (No. 1889) medicated for 4 consecutive days with intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg piracetam per kg body weight x day. On October 31, 1974 under pentobarbital anaesthesia (30 mg/kg) the animal was perfused from the abdominal aorta with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Postfixation with 1 % osmium tetroxide in sodium cacodylate buffer. Embedded in Epon 812 and sectioned at 50 nm. Lead citrate and uranyl acetate. Plate 2133...

Table 50. Giant mitochondria in pancreas, liver, adrenal, and kidney...

Coleman R, Silbermann M, Gershon D et al. (1987) Giant mitochondria in the myocardium of aging and endurance-trained mice. Gerontology 33(1), 34-39. 

Bowman, C. L. Tedeschi, H. Kinetics of Lucifer Yellow CH efflux in giant mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr. 1983, 731, 261-266. 

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