Germanium oxide reaction with

For the polymerization, either in the melt or solid phase, the reaction is driven to the polymer by removing ethylene glycol. The polymerization reaction is typically catalyzed by solutions consisting of antimony trioxide or germanium oxide. Both polycondensation catalysts also catalyze the reverse reaction, which is driven by an excess of ethylene glycol at melt conditions, generally above 255 °C. The polymerization reaction follows second-order kinetics with an activation energy of 22 000 cal/mol [6],... 

Which of the following intermediate oxidation states is stable with respect to the possible oxidation reactions of the elements in oxygen-free noncomplexing media germanium(II), tin(II) ... 

The measurements of F depth profiles in chipped flints have been realised using the 4.7 keV wide 872 keV 19F(p,a12.3y)160 resonance. This reaction provides a good depth resolution (about 100 nm in Si02). The 4-7.5 MeV y-rays are detected with a BGO (bismuth germanium oxide) detector at 0°C with respect to the incident beam. The flint artefacts can be settled in the vacuum chamber as whole pieces without any sample preparation [35],... 

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