Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthases

AiTKEN s M, ATTUCCi s, IBRAHIM R K. and GULIK p J (1995) A cDNA encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from white lupin . Plant Physiol, 108, 837-8. 

KUNTZ M, ROMER s, suiRE c, HUGUENEY p, WEIL j H, scHANTZ R and CAMARA B (1992) Identification of a cDNA for the plastid-located geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Capsicum annuum correlative increase in enzyme activity and transcript level during fruit ripening , Plant J, 2, 25-34. 

Ament K, Van Schie CC, Bouwmeester HJ, Haring MA, Schumink RC (2006) Induction of a leaf specific geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and emission of (it -4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-l,3,7,ll-tetraene in tomato are dependent onboth jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signahng pathways. Planta 224 1197-1208... 

Wiemer, A.J., Tong, H., Swanson, K.M., and Hohl, R.J. (2007). Digeranyl bisphosphonate inhibits geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 353 921-925. 

Kavanagh, K.L., Dunford, J.E., Bunkoczi, G., Russell, R.G., and Oppermann, U. (2006). The crystal structure of human geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase reveals a novel hexameric arrangement and inhibitory product binding. J Biol Chem 281 22004-22012. 

Badillo, A., Steppuhn, J., Deruere, J., Camara, B. and Kuntz, M. (1995) Structure of a functional geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene from Capsicum annuum. Plant Mol. Biol, 27, 425-8. 

Bantignies, B., Liboz, T. and Ambid, C. (1996) Nucleotide sequence of a Catharanthus roseus geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene. Plant Physiol, 110, 336. 

Dogbo, O. and Camara, B. (1987) Rurification of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase from Capsicum chromoplasts by affinity chromatography. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 920, 140-8. 

Scolnick, PA- and Bartley, G.E. (1994) Nucleotide sequence of an Arabidopsis cDNA for geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase. Plant Physiol., 104,1469-70. 

ZHU, X., SUZUKI, K., SAITO, T., OKADA, K., TANAKA, K., NAKAGAWA, T., MATSUDA, H., and KAWAMUKAI, M., Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoded by the newly isolated gene GGPS6 from Arabidopsis thaliana is localized in mitochondria. Plant Mol. Biol. 1997, 35, 331-341. 

Fukusaki, E., Nishikawa, X., Kato, K., Shinmyo, A., Hemmi, H., Nishino, T, and Kobayashi, A. (2003) Introduction of the archaebacterial geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloro-plast. /. Biosci Bioeng., 95 (3), 283-287. 

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (detected in pro-plastids of infected cells of Ricinus communis) had a molecular weight of 72,000 and required Mg (Beale and MacMillan, 1988). The enzymes with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity also would accept pyrophosphates smaller than famesyl pyrophosphate, indicating that famesyl pyrophosphate probably does not lie at the branch between sterol and carotene metabolism in these organisms (Porter and Spurgeon, 1981) that is, famesyl pyrophosphate is synthesized by enzymes leading to the two series of compounds independently. 

Fig. 56.2 Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants. Enzymes (with abbreviations) indicated are isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPI), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS), phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), lycopene beta-cyclase (LCYB), lycopene epsilon-cyclase (LCYE), beta-ring carotene hydroxylase (CHXB), epsilon-ring carotene hydroxylase (CHXE), zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP), violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE), capsorubin-capsanthin synthase (CCS), neoxanthin synthase (NXS), 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD). (Source [101], drawn using KeGG pathway)...

Zhu X, Suzuki K, Okada K, Tanaka K, Nakagawa T, Kawamukai M, Matsuda H (1997) Cloning and functional expression of a novel geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene from Arahidopsis thaliana in Escherichia coli. Plant Cell Physiol 38 357-361... 

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