Genetical modification of microorganisms

Even if water is excluded fiom the considerations, biotechnology would still have an E factor at least five times that of the pharmaceutical industry. If water is included, the ratio of the i factors is about 3000. Some improvement is possible throrrgh flow systems and further genetic modification of microorganisms in order to make them more tolerant to extreme conditions. A combination of biotechnology with chemical methods is also often a step forward. The current production of vitamin C and penicillin rrse such advanced methods. 

PD production appears to be unfavorable. Genetic modification of microorganisms is needed to suppress the repression of 1,3-PD formation(Biebl et al., 1999 Cameron et al., 1998). In a patent application, Haynie and Wagner (1997) described the conversion of glucose to 1,3-PD in mixed or linked fermentation by yeast and K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, or recombinant E. coli. Moderate yields and a maximum... 

Genetic engineering also provides opportunities for modification of microorganisms... 

Products of rDNA technology are produced by genetic modification in which DNA coding for the required product is introduced, usually by means of a plasmid or a viral vector, into a suitable microorganism or cell line, in which that DNA is expressed and translated into protein. The desired product is then recovered by extraction and purification. 

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