Generation volume

Figure 3.2 A quantitative process pipeline model, illustrating the transfer of successful drug candidates from one stage to the next. Quantitative increases in drug candidate sample-generation volume are complemented by proportional increases in resources for sample analysis. (Courtesy of Milestone Development Services, Newtown, Pa., USA.)...

The analysis of the spatial distribution of high harmonics can provide detailed information on the spatial behavior of harmonics. The differences between the harmonic fields generated with PC and NC pulses of 42 fs can be seen in Fig. 8.11, where we have plotted the near field of the harmonics around H61 as a function of frequency and radial coordinate. The PC case (upper panel in Fig. 8.11) shows a diffuse spectral profile near the axis and a sharper one between 40 pm and 70 pm. On the contrary, the NC pulse produces a clean spectral profile in the compact central region extending up to about 40 pm. The present result demonstrates an optimization of the generation volume for our specific conditions of initial laser chirp. 

Downcomer vapor underflow ("vapor entrainment" or "gas recycle1 ) is analogous to liquid entrainment. It reduces both tray capacity and efficiency (17,44,45). In low- and medium-pressure distillation systems, where gas density is significantly lower than liquid density, it takes only a small quantity of gas to generate volumes comparable to the liquid volumetric flow rate. The quantity of gas recycle is therefore small, and it has little effect on tray performance. At high pressures, the quantity of gas recycled is significant. An analysis of some FRI data (44) for iC4-nC4 distillation showed vapor entrainment increases from about 7 percent at 165 psia to about 50 to 60 percent at 400 psia on a molar basis. 

Consumer-acceptable lather requires the consideration of a variety of lathering attributes, such as the speed with which lather is generated, volume, quality (i.e., loose or creamy), and the stability of the lather. In general, the use of fatty acids of C10 C12 chain length provides a voluminous lacey foam and fatty acids of longer chain length, from C16 to Clg, contribute to a richer, creamier foam. 

Absorption of Neutrons. All materials within the neutron-generating volume of the vessel will remove excess neutrons by non fission capture or absorption. The degree of effectiveness of removing neutrons is a fundamental property of the atom and is measured in terms of a cross section. Tables listing absorption cross sections for all the elements can be found in general reference books listed in the References for this chapter. 

Moreover, the large plant is characterized by a not uniform distribution of its physical and chemical variables (e g. temperatures, chemical composition of mass flows, etc.), and at the same time the measurement points are discrete therefore, in many parts of the plant the data are not available. As a consequence, a combination of some experimental techniques and of analytical models could be used to deduce the distribution, inside the generator volume, of some important variables. 

The aim was to illustrate a methodology of experimental analysis of a real large SOFC generator in operation, with the complexity linked to the large number of variables which affect its operation, the limited number of measurements points in the generator volume, the necessity to avoid malfunctions in the real operation. 

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