Generalized Method of Cells

J. Aboudi The generalized method of cells and high-fidelity generalized method of cells micromechanical models A review. J Mech. Adv. Matls. Struct. 11, 329-366 (2004)... 

Aboudi J., PinderaM.-J. and Arnold S. M. (2(X)2) High-fidelity generalized method of cells for inelastic periodic multiphase materials, NASA TM-2(X)2-211469. 

General References Pohl, in Moore (ed.), Electmstatics and Its Applications, Wiley, New York, 1973, chap. 14 and chap. 15 (with Crane). Pohl, in Cat-simpoolas (ed.). Methods of Cell Separation, vol. I, Plenum Press, New York, 1977, chap. 3. Pohl, Dielectrophoresis The Behavior of Matter in Nonunifoim Electric Fields, Cambridge, New York, 1978. 

This paper begins with a brief description of pectin structure and an overview of the general mechanism of cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. This is followed by a summary of previous research on PGA-GalAT and a description of a facile method to synthesize UDP-[ Cj-galacturonic acid. Finally, the paper ends with a summary of our work on the identificadon, partial characterization, and initial solubilization of the homogalacturonan biosynthetic enzyme PGA-GalAT. 

Reid developed analytical tools for studing the cell size distribution from dissected sphere size data measured on a section surface. The first to introduce a general theory of cell size distribution in a solid body was Ceilings who calculated the macrostructural parameters of a number of real metal systems, On the basis of Ceilings method, Mihira et al. developed the principles of the statistical analysis of plastic foam morphology. 

The general method of reproduction in Saccharomyces is that of gemmation or budding. A small protuberance of the cell wall com-... 

We now have to find the positions of a known number of atoms in a unit cell of known shape and size. To solve this problem, we must make use of the observed relative intensities of the diffracted beams, since these intensities are determined by atom positions. In finding the atom positions, however, we must again proceed by trial and error, because there is no known general method of directly calculating atom positions from observed intensities. 

The most general method of solving the phase problem for protein crystals is that of multiple isomorphous replacement in which two or more isomorphous heavy-atom derivatives are used.1 The principle of the method is shown in Figure 3. In Figure 3a a circle with radius Fp, the amplitude of a reflection from the native protein, is shown with center at the origin, O. It is assumed that the heavy atoms in at least two derivatives have been located and referred to the same unit cell origin. This can be a difficult problem and mistakes can be made, but... 

Ligand-mediated change of the dimeric structure of the receptor is a general method of transmission of signals through the membrane into the cell interior, with the help of... 

In contemplating such studies, an important characteristic has to be revealed. When an electrochemical reaction is carried out quickly (seconds) its mechanism may differ from that which operates when it is to function in hours or even months and years. There are two general methods of study of the kinetics of electrode reactions. In the first, the potential sweep approach, the current density is recorded while the potential is moved at a steady rate toward the more positive (or anodic) side. Thus, the results do not necessarily correspond to those which would be felt if the fuel cell was supposed to be the power source for long periods, driving cars, for example. 

Physical or mechanical methods of cell disruption are the most widely researched in terms of containment. The underlying principle is either by breakage of the cell wall by mechanical contact, the application of liquid or hydrodynamic shear forces, or the application of solid shear forces. Cell disruption by non-physical methods generally involve simple operations which may be carried out in large tanks or vessels, which may or may not require agitation. 

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