Gene expression Synthesis

Gene expression. Synthesis of a functional protein depends on transcriptimi of the gene, translation of the mRNA, often processing of the mRNA, and often post-translational processing of the initial translation product (see Post-translational modification of proteins). TVanscription of a cloned insert requires the presence of a promoter which is recognized by the host RNA polymerase. Translation requires a ribo-... 

Translation Second step in gene expression, the synthesis of proteins from mRNA... 

Genes are DNA and carry the inheritable characteristics of an organism and these characteristics are normally expressed at the molecular level via protein synthesis Gene expression consists of two stages transcription and translation, both of which involve RNAs Sections 28 11 and 28 12 describe these RNAs and their roles m transcription and translation... 

Transactivation. Protein synthesis is initiated or inhibited by the action of the activated GR on DNA. The use of glucocorticoids leads to antiinflammatory effects by first controlling gene expression, which subsequentiy leads to the synthesis and/or suppression of inflammation regulatory proteins. 

Puromycin. Puromycin (19), elaborated by S. alboniger (1—4), inhibits protein synthesis by replacing aminoacyl-tRNA at the A-site of peptidyltransferase (48,49). Photosensitive analogues of (19) have been used to label the A-site proteins of peptidyltransferase and tRNA (30). Compound (19), and its carbocycHc analogue have been used to study the accumulation of glycoprotein-derived free sialooligosaccharides, accumulation of mRNA, methylase activity, enzyme transport, rat embryo development, the acceptor site of human placental 80S ribosomes, and gene expression in mammalian cells (51—60). 

H. E. Ang, E. Deltour, T. E. Hayamizu, M. Zgombic-Knight and G. Duester, Retinoic acid synthesis in mouse embiyos during gasti ulation and craniofacial development linked to class IV alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression , /. Biol. Chem. 271 9526-9534(1996). 

Regulation of mRNA synthesis Regulation of gene expression... 

One of the questions confronting investigators in the HS field is whether fever or other acute phase reactants can induce HS gene expression. In vitro studies utilize extraordinary temperatures of 42 °C and higher. Core body temperatures may approach 40 °C as a result of fever. In most in vitro systems, this temperature does not lead to the HS response. However, there are reports that fever induces the increased synthesis of hsps in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Ciavarra, 1990). This response was observed in mononuclear cells exposed to febrile temperatures and in cells isolated from a medical intern who developed fever. 

Beere, H.M., Morimoto, R.I., Hickman, J.A. (1993). Investigations of mechanisms of drug-induced changes in gene expression N methylformamide-induced changes in synthesis of the M(r) 72,000 constitutive heat shock protein during commitment of HL-60 cells to granulocyte differentiation. Cancer Res. 53, 3034—3039. 

Lehmann, K.P., Phillips, S., and Sar, M. et al. (2004). Dose-dependent alterations in gene expression and testosterone synthesis in the fetal testes of male rats exposed to di (n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicological Sciences 81, 60-68. 

Long-chain fatty acid synthesis is controlled in the short term by allosteric and covalent modification of euTymes and in the long term by changes in gene expression governing rates of synthesis of enzymes. 

---