Gaussian Boltzmann constant

The Gaussian chain model yields a spring constant even for a single bond k=3k T/ , where k is the Boltzmann constant. From Eq. 3.3 the chain extension between arbitrary points along the chain may be computed to R n) -R(m)y)= n - m ... 

N is the number of skeletal bonds in one chain and k is the Boltzmann constant while b is the mean skeletal bond. The mean square end-to-end distance, Nb2, is also referred to as the square of the Gaussian correlation length between the chain ends, o(N) it reflects the effect of linkage of chemical units. The previous relationship between the force f and the extension r is extended to any real chain submitted to a small elongation provided the correlation length, o(N), includes the stiffness property of the polymer o(N)2= A.KNb2 XK is referred to as a persistence length. The related reduction of entropy is expressed as ... 

Brm root mean square field of a (Gaussian) field distribution k dom Boltzmann constant domain magnetization... 

N = gaussian noise power, N = kTW where k = Boltzmann constant and T = temperature... 

In 1953 Rouse published a paper to describe theoretically the flow of polymers in dilute solutions. The polymer molecule is assumed to exist as a statistical coil and is subdivided into N submolecules. Each submolecule is thought of a solid bead. The beads behave as Gaussian chains and their entropy-elastic recovery can be described by a spring with a spring constant hkT/cP-, where a is the average end-to-end distance of a submolecule and k is the Boltzmann constant. The model is shown in Figure 8.9. 

The left hand side is the viscous friction force on monomer i. This force is balanced by the other forces/ applied on monomer i. The force/ has two contributions,is the external force and / " is the elastic force due to the neighboring monomers. For a Gaussian chain (for the sake of simplicity, the temperature is measured in units such that the Boltzmann constant is k =i)... 

Thermodynamic equation of state Boltzmann constant Affine deformation Gaussian distribution Phantom chain approximation Phantom model Constrained fluctuation model Slip-link model Nonaffine slip tube model Mooney-Rivlin equation Visoelasticity of elastomers Alpha transition Beta transition Gamma transition Storage modulus... 

Little is known about the fluorescence of the chla spectral forms. It was recently suggested, on the basis of gaussian curve analysis combined with band calculations, that each of the spectral forms of PSII antenna has a separate emission, with Stokes shifts between 2nm and 3nm [133]. These values are much smaller than those for chla in non-polar solvents (6-8 nm). This is due to the narrow band widths of the spectral forms, as the shift is determined by the absorption band width for thermally relaxed excited states [157]. The fluorescence rate constants are expected to be rather similar for the different forms as their gaussian band widths are similar [71], It is thought that the fluorescence yields are also probably rather similar as the emission of the sj tral forms is closely approximated by a Boltzmann distribution at room temperature for both LHCII and total PSII antenna [71, 133]. 

I) Gaussian orientation hardening function Boltzmann s constant yield strength in shear rate constant... 

Bohr magneton f E) is a spectroscopic line shape function (often approximated as a Gaussian) Ai, Bq, and Co are the A, B, and C term parameters (the subscripts indicate their relation to the spectral moment of order n, see below) k is Boltzmann s constant and T is kelvin temperature. The dipole strength for the absorption band is given by Equation (2), where the parameter Dq is proportional to the intensity. Equation (1) shows that A terms... 

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