Gastrointestinal disease chronic pancreatitis

Plasma albumin concentration is decreased in the presence of hepatic cirrhosis, liver abscess, acute pancreatitis, gastrointestinal disease, the nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure. Hypoalbuminaemia is a characteristic of neonatal animals, apart from foals, whereas the plasma concentration of cq-acid glycoprotein is markedly elevated in newborn piglets. Hyperbilirubinaemia could further decrease the albumin binding capacity of acidic drugs and some basic drugs in neonatal animals. 

Forsmark CE. Chronic pancreatitis. In Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran s gastrointestinal and liver disease, 7th ed. Philadelphia WB Saunders, 2002 943-69. 

Vitamin D and its metabolites play an important role in the maintenance of extracellular calcium concentrations and in normal skeletal structure and mineralization. Vitamin D is necessary for the optimal absorption of calcium and phosphorus. On a worldwide basis, the most common cause of hypocalcemia is nutritional vitamin D deficiency. In malnourished populations, manifestations include rickets and osteomalacia. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency is uncommon in Western societies because of the fortification of miUc with ergocalciferol. " The most common cause of vitamin D deficiency in Western societies is gastrointestinal disease. Gastric surgery, chronic pancreatitis, small-bowel disease, intestinal resection, and bypass surgery are associated with decreased concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites. Vitamin D replacement therapy may need to be administered by the intravenous route if poor oral bioavailability is noted. Decreased production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may occur as a result of a hereditary defect resulting in vitamin D-dependent rickets. It also can occur secondary to chronic renal insufficiency if there is insufficient production of the 1 -a -hydroxylase enzyme for the... 

An increase in midepigastric pain is a symptom of peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal reflux disease and does not indicate the effectiveness of the pancreatic enzyme. The client with chronic pancre-... 

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