Gaseous substances Heavy metals

In the field of not only traditional metallurgy but also recently developed nano-technology, it is very interesting and important what change is introduced when it is surrounded by other atoms. Such a change in electronic states has been investigated as chemical shift detected by X-ray (XPS) and UV (UPS) photoemission spectroscopy [1] as well as X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy [2,3]. Also, such a chemical shift has been simulated by theoretical calculation [4]. However, many problems have been unsolved. In the case of XPS and UPS, since the most outer layers of substances are analyzed, the spectra are easily affected by absorbed gaseous molecules. Also, with the X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy it is difficult to analyze the complicated X-ray transition states for substances composed of heavy metal elements. Therefore, a complementary method has been demanded for the spectroscopy such as XPS, UPS and X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy. The coefficient y of the electronic contribution to heat capacity, Cp, near absolute zero Kelvin reflects the density of states (DOS) in the vicinity of Fermi level (EF) [5]. Therefore, the measurement of y is expected to be one of the useful methods to clarify the electronic states of substances composed of heavy metal elements. 

Some toxic agents such as Pb, Hg, other heavy metals, and many organic substances are excreted in the bile as conjugates to the intestinal tract for elimination in the feces. Other common routes of elimination include the lungs for gaseous (e.g., NH3) and volatile toxicants (e.g., alcohol, sweat, tears, and saliva), as well as breast milk and eggs in females. 

Xenobiotics may be present in water-soluble (hydrophilic) or in fat-soluble (lipophilic) form. However, they are also taken up in the body as gaseous substances and corpuscular-insoluble substrates (e. g. heavy metals). Any... 

Chemical deterioration of water quality is caused by admixtures of soUd, Uquid or gaseous phases which are water-soluble. These particularly include free acids, nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, salts of heavy metals, cyanides and phenols, and gaseous substances. Such substances can entirely destroy biological revival and the self-purification capability of the stream as a consequence of exhaustion of dissolved oxygen from water [12-16]. 

Polysaccharides sorb well not only heavy metals, but also other substances. For example, cellulose adsorbs phenol and toluene from a gas phase and water solutions [269], cellulose acetates with different degrees of displacement sorb gaseous ammonia [270]. Chitosan can serve as a carrier of pharmaceutical compositions [271]. Sorbents can be produced from an enzymatically modified flax fiber [272],... 

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