Gamma ray analysis

To verify this hypothesis, low volume samplers have been operated in parallel with the air pollution control district s Km samplers. The samples collected were analyzed optically for elemental carbon and by the Gamma Ray Analysis of Light Elements (GRALE) technique for total carbon. These data were used to assess the concentration of elemental and total carbon aerosols present during the winter months in Los Angeles. It was established that the Km samplers can be calibrated to read elemental carbon concentrations. This calibration can be used to reconstruct historical elemental carbon levels at seven sites in Los Angeles. 

Aerosol carbon concentrations have been measured at two sites in the Los Angeles basin. Samples were analyzed for total carbon content and for elemental carbon content by the Gamma Ray Analysis of Light Elements technique and by several optical methods. Elemental carbon was shown to constitute a substantial fraction of total carbonaceous aerosol mass in the wintertime in Los Angeles. 

Ouri, Y., Shirari, N. and Ebihara, M. (2003) Chemical composition of Yamato (Y)980459 and Y000749 Neutron-induced prompt gamma-ray analysis study. Antarctic Meteorite Research, 16, 80—93. 

Molnar, G. L., and R. M. Lindstrom. 1998. Nuclear reaction prompt gamma-ray analysis. In Nuclear methods in mineralogy and geology Techniques and applications. Ed. A. Vertes, S. Nagy, and K. Stivegh. 145-164. New York Plenum. 

Another approach is whole-manuscript neutron activation analysis (NAA) in a nuclear reactor, followed by gamma-ray analysis and autoradiography (4). Gamma-ray analysis permits identification of the elements contained in the manuscript, and autoradiographic analysis indicates the specific locations of these elements. A similar approach applied to art objects of historical interest is energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, which permits nondestructive semiquantitative elemental analysis (5). 

Irradiation. Samples were irradiated for 7 hr in the Georgia Institute of Technology research reactor at a flux of approximately 10 neutrons/ cm /sec. Samples were cooled for 7 days to allow the copper ( Cu) to decay from the samples. Prior to gamma ray analysis, samples were transferred to new polyethylene vials to eliminate any analytical error from trace metal contaminants in the original irradiated polyethylene vials. 

Pritchard, J.G. and Saied, S.O. (1986) Studies on the determination of mercury in human beard shavings by neutron-activation and gamma-ray analysis. Analyst, 111, 29-35. 

Yonezawa C, Wood AKH, Magara M, Sav ata S, Hoshi M, Ito Y, Tachikawa E (1993) Prompt gamma-ray analysis using JRR-3M cold and thermal neutron guide beams. In Proceedings of the 5th international symposium advanced nudear energy research (JAERI-M 93-228), Mito, Japan, vol 2. JAERI, Tokai, pp 854-861... 

Seymour, R.S. and Cox, J.E. (1991). Library-Directed versus Peak-Search-Based Gamma-Ray Analysis, Radioact. Radiochem., 2, 10-18. 

Keyser, R.M. (1990). Using standard spectra to develop and test gamma-ray analysis software, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A, 286, 409 14. 

IAEA (1998). Intercomparison of gamma-ray analysis software packages, IAEA-TECDOC-1011, International Atomic Energy Authority, Vienna, Austria. 

Vartsky D, Ellis KJ, Chen NS, Cohn SH (1977) A facility for in vivo measurement of kidney and liver cadmium by neutron capture prompt gamma ray analysis. Phys. Med. Biol. 22 1085-1096... 

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