Gallium Germanium

Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton... 

This chapter is intended to highlight the synthesis and use of geminal bimetallic compounds such as gem-metallozirconocenes, but we will concentrate on the chemistry of aluminum, boron, lithium, gallium, germanium, tin, zinc, and zirconium. 

Aluminum, barium, beryllium, boron, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, holmium, lanthanum, molybdenum, neodymium, niobium, phosphorus, praseodymium, rhenium, samarium, scandium, silicon, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thulium, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zirconium... 

Other framework structures based on zeolites have also been synthesized which contain atoms other than aluminium and silicon, such as boron, gallium, germanium, and phosphorus, which are tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen. Such compounds are known as zeotypes. Pure aluminium phosphate, commonly called ALPO, and its derivatives, can take the same structural forms as some of the zeolites such as sodalite (SOD), faujasite (FAU), and chabazite (CHA) (e.g., ALPO-20 is isostructural... 

Metallic liquids can also experience fractional crystallization. The abundances of trace elements such as gold, gallium, germanium, and iridium and the major element nickel in various classes of iron meteorites vary because of the separation of crystalline metal phases (kamacite or taenite). 

Jhe distribution of beryllium, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, tin, molybdenum, yttrium, and lanthanum in the principal coal-producing beds of the Interior Province has been studied by the U. S. Geological Survey. Data, methods of sampling, and analyses are discussed by Zubovic and others (II, 12). This chapter discusses the occurrence of 13 of these elements with respect to geological and geochemical environments of coal deposition and chemical properties of the elements. Zinc and tin are not included in this study because they were detected in only a few samples. 

In CHEC-II(1996), a significant number of X-ray structures with aluminium, indium, gallium, germanium, tin, and lead heterocycles were reported. Since 1995, many new publications on X-ray studies appeared and these are listed in Table 1. The large number makes a detailed discussion impossible within the limited space available. Instead, only illustrative examples will be discussed for each metal of interest. It should be noted that the indium- and lead-containing structures with heterocycles of interest are still rare, while those with aluminium, gallium, germanium, and especially tin atoms appear more frequently in the current literature. 

Further residual metal oxides from catalysts used for polymer synthesis, e.g. poly-terephthalic acid diol ester, are oxides of antimony, gallium, germanium, cobalt, man-... 

Cobalt 60 Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium 65 Arsenic 66... 

This formula permits the conclusion to be made that this element, atomic number 72, is not a lanthanon, but is an analogue of zirconium. In this way the quantum theory has limited the number oflanthanons to fourteen elements, for which there was no previous criterion, and indicated the correct placit of the element hafnium, similar to the way in which Mendeleeff predicted correctly the positions of gallium, germanium and scandium. 

Lovering J. F., Nichiporuk W., Chodos A., and Brown H. (1957) The distribution of gallium, germanium, cobalt, chromium, and copper in iron and stony-iron meteorites in relation to nickel content and structure. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 11, 263-278. 

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