Gadolinium halides

GZO films were electrodeposited from an electrodeposition bath containing 0.29-g gadolinium halide and 0.1-g zirconium halide dissolved in a 150-mL electrolyte solution. Electrodeposition was performed at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 and under constant stirring in a vertical two-electrode cell configuration. The average rate of deposition was about 25 nm/min. 

Gadolinium hums in halogen vapors above 200°C forming gadolinium (III) halides ... 

Holmium is obtained from monazite, bastnasite and other rare-earth minerals as a by-product during recovery of dysprosium, thulium and other rare-earth metals. The recovery steps in production of all lanthanide elements are very similar. These involve breaking up ores by treatment with hot concentrated sulfuric acid or by caustic fusion separation of rare-earths by ion-exchange processes conversion to halide salts and reduction of the hahde(s) to metal (See Dysprosium, Gadolinium and Erbium). 

Lokken, D. A. Corbett, J. D. (1973). Rare Earth Metal-Metal Halide Systems. XV. Crystal Structure of Gadolinium Sesquichloride. A Phase with Unique Metal Chains, Inorg. Chem. 12, 556-559. 

Gadolinium is mostly three-valent. However, in alkali halides it is known to enter in the divalent form. Sastry and Murahdharan (1988a) have studied the optical absorption, PL spectra, PSL and TL emission spectra of RbCEGd. The crystals were quenched... 

Beda, S., J.M. Haschke, L.S. Quayle and H.A. Eick, 1980, Mixed halide phases in the chloride-iodide systems of lanthanum and gadolinium, in The Rare Earths in Modem Science and Technology, Vol. 2, eds G.J. McCarthy, J.J. Rhyne and H.B. Silber (Plenum Press, New York) pp. 51, 52. 

There is evidence that californium halides may form so-called mixed-valence compounds (MsXu, M11X24, or M6X13, where M = metal ion and X = halide ion) like those reported for some of the lanthanide elements [142-144]. To avoid the necessity of carefully controlling reduction of californium to the proper stoichiometry, mixtures of gadolinium and californium (comparable radii, see Table 11.4) were used such that total reduction of the californium to Cf(ii) would produce the desired structures, Cf GdClu and Cf GdBru [145]. 

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