Isoquinolones fused

As described in this chapter, transition-metal catalysts promote various types of cyclization reactions between C=N, C=0, N—H, O—H, and S—H bonds and alkynes in 5/6-endo/exo-dig manners. These reaction modes provide facile and atom-economical pathways to aromatic compounds such as pyrroles, indoles, isoquinolines, quinolines, furans, thiophenes, oxazoles, pyrones, and isoquinolones and their aza analogs and fused-ring congeners. Particularly notable is their utility in cascade reactions, which are step-economical approaches to target molecules, which increase rapidly in structural complexity. Therefore, these reactions can help provide solutions to meet the increasing demands of environmentally benign synthesis in modern organic chemistry. 

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