Fused image

Fig. 2. Example of FDG-PET/CT studies (fused images) in a patient with adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and metabolic non-response. High focal initial FDG uptake in the tumor (A) which is almost unchanged 14 days (B) after initiation of chemotherapy. (See Colour Plate Section at the end of this book.)...

Figure 1. Electrophotographic fused image. Optical micrograph (133X)-...

The general idea of all wavelet based image fusion schemes is that the wavelet transforms of the two registered input images L and I2 are computed and these transforms are combined utilising some kind ol fusion rule x (see Fig. 37). Then, the inverse wavelet transform W is computed, and the fused image I is reconstructed by... 

Fig. 41 shows the fusion of two 3-D phantom images, i.e. a solid cube and a 3-D texture, which consists of a grid of lines parallel to the three axes. Cross-sections of the input images and the fused image are also displayed in Fig. 41. 

I inject a molecule that contains a source that can report back to me after I inject it into the body. I can watch that molecule as it fused image goes througb the blood supply, goes into the brain, then into the tissues of the brain, and then participates in a chemical process. 

Flg. 7.2a-c. Planar scintigraphy. A patient with large hepatocardnoma nodules and MAA pattern of mild diffuse uptake, with some cold areas, and no high uptake areas that could be clearly identified as tumoral (a). MR images of the tumoral nodules with a necrotic centre (b). Fused images (MRI-MAA scintigraphy) show a perfect correlation between the radiotracer uptake and the areas of tumoral activity in the tumours (c)... 

Finally, the activity values of the tumoral and non-tumoral liver can be obtained from the transaxial fused images. These will be used to calculate microsphere activity to deliver according to the partition model. In our protocol, we draw five circular ROIs in the hottest tumoral nodules and another five in the non-tumoral liver (all of them of the same size). Alternatively, in the case of a big tumoral mass, we position the five ROIs in five non-consecutive areas of the mass. The mean activity value for the tumoral and non-tumoral ROIs is obtained, and it will be used in the dose calculation formula (Fig. 7.5). 

However, it is important to note that the fused images can be employed for another important purpose, the detection of the extrahepatic location of MAA and, thus, the detection of potentially dangerous misplacement of the radiospheres. The detection of non-desired activity in organs adjacent to the liver (as explained above) is more likely to be done in the transaxial fused images than in the planar scintigraphy. In our experience, we have found MAA misplacement in gallbladder, gastric walls, small bowel, mesentery and in vascular stumps of the embolized arteries (Fig. 7.6). 

Fig. 7.14a-c. Hepatocellular carcinoma of the right lobe. CT images show a big nodule with necrotic centre (a). Scintigraphy reveals a preferential distribution of the MAA in the posterior edge of the nodule (b). Control CT performed 2 months after SIRT demonstrates better response of the part of the nodule with a higher uptake in the evaluation fused images... 

The figure shows CT (left), PET (centre) and fused images (right). Images illustrate a tumour in the right upper lobe. (Courtesy of Duke University and GE Medical Systems)... 

Fig. 8.14. Images of C"Buprenorphine binding on PET (left) and MRI images of the same brain (right) with fused images shown in the centre. (Courtesy of Dr A Jones, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK)...

Fig. 34.3. FDOPA images (CT on the left, fused images in the middle, and whole-body PET [MIP] on the right) of a patient after thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma (6 years ago), actually presenting with elevated calcitonin levels. PET shows pathologically increased uptake in a normal sized cervical lymph node (upper row) and in two lesions within the thyroid bed Surgery confirmed local recurrence of MTC and lymph node metastasis in this patient. Calcitonin levels normalized following surgery...

Fig. 34.5. Follow-up Ga-DOTA-TATE-PET, CT, and fused images of a patient with metastasized carcinoid of the rectrnn (primary resected). Baseline investigations (PET and CT done separately with an interval of 4 months) show extensive liver metastases. Followup investigations (performed in parallel on a hybrid scanner) after the first and second cycle of radiopeptide therapy using Y-DOTA-TATE show a marked decrease of uptake in PET as well as a shrinkage of metastases on CT...

Figure 14 Raman/bright-field fused image of a thermally annealed AS 4- ion-implanted integrated-circuit region (polycrystalline) on a monocrystalline Si wafer (A) and LCTF Raman spectra from the poly crystalline and monocrystalline regions (B).

Figure 11.6 illustrates the fusion of a thermal and a visible image from a smoke trial to simulate battlefield conditions. The scene in the visible image (a) is obscured by the smoke. The thermal image (b) shows thermal events clearly but hides some of the visible details. The fused image (c) reveals both visible and thermal details with true registration. The fusion algorithm is proprietary to Waterfall Solutions. 

Figure 11.6 (a) Visibie, (b) thermai, and (c) fused images with smoke (courtesy of Waterfaii Soiutions, UK). 

---