Furnace slag granulated

C-S-H = poorly crystalline or amorphous calcium silicate hydrate of unspecified composition. Ggbfs = ground granulated blast furnace slag. Hep = hardened cement paste. Pfa = pulverised fuel ash (fly ash). 

Utilization of different blended cements leads to the highest reduction of the CO2 emissions during the cement production. This is realised by replacement of a portion of clinker in cement by granulated materials. Blast-furnace slag, fly ash with accelerators were used as additive materials. Practical decrease of the CO2 emissions from both fuel and raw material can reach a reduction by 50% or even more [5]. 

Figure 3. Profile of melting furnace (1) upper seal valve (2) lower seal valve (3) inflammable gas outlet (4) drying zone (5) py roly zing zone (6) melting zone— high temperature (7) molten slag (8) oxygen-enriched air inlet—tuyere (9) blast header (10) slag granulation...

Cement Type Description Notation Clinker K % w/w Granulated Blast Furnace Slag S % w/w Pozzolana Silica Fume D % w/w Fly Ash Limestone L % w/w Minor Addition % w/w... 

Nowadays blended cements are normally used, which are obtained by intergrinding or blending Portland cement with particular mineral substances. Among these, those with the addition of pozzolanic materials or ground granulated blast furnace slag are of particular interest with regard to durabihty of reinforced concrete. 

F ie 5.6 Influence of curing on the depth of carbonation for different cement pastes (6 months, 0.03% CO2) of Portland cement and blended cements with fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) (Bier, from [10])... 

Table 6.2 Examples of stationary diffusion coefficient of chlorides, D, in cement pastes with wjc = 0.5, cured 60 days, made of Portland cement and cement with additions of fly ash (PEA) or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) [17]...

Figure 6.11 Schematic of the apparent diffusion coefficient for chloride (D,pp) as a function of time and type of cement for Portland cement, 3096 fly ash and 70% granulated blast furnace slag during marine-splash zone exposure, after [22]...

Studies in the early 1970s [16,17] demonstrated that the addition of natural poz-zolana to Portland cement could reduce the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete by three times. Additions of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (PFA) have an even more marked effect on the diffusion coefficient... 

---