Polymers furanose

A liquid crystal display device comprises first and second substrates, an alignment layer including a pyranose polymer or a furanose polymer on at least one of the first and second substrates, and a liquid crystal layer between the first and second substrates. The liquid crystal display device is characterized by excellent thermostability, superior anchoring energy and uniform alignment of the liquid crystal achieved in a reduced treatment time without creating any flowing effect in the liquid crystal. 

The present invention relates to an alignment layer, and more particularly to an alignment layer with photo-sensitive material selected from the group consisting of a pyranose polymer, a furanose polymer, polyvinyl cinnamate, polysiloxane cinnamate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, polyimide, polyamic acid and silicone dioxide. 

Nucleic acids are linear polymers of nucleotides linked 3 to 5 by phosphodi-ester bridges (Figure 11.17). They are formed as 5 -nucleoside monophosphates are successively added to the 3 -OH group of the preceding nucleotide, a process that gives the polymer a directional sense. Polymers of ribonucleotides are named ribonucleic acid, or RNA. Deoxyribonucleotide polymers are called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Because C-1 and C-4 in deoxyribonucleotides are involved in furanose ring formation and because there is no 2 -OH, only... 

Cell walls of mycobacteria are composed of a peptidoglycan with covalently attached galactan chains. Branched chains of arabinan, a polymer of the furanose ring form of arabinose with covalently attached mycolic acids, are glycosidically linked to the galactan.327 Shorter glycopeptidolipids, containing... 

Narrower specificities have been obtained with antibodies to some unusual helical structures. Poly(dG)-poly(dC) induces antibodies specific for the immunogen and unreactive with other deoxyribonucleotide polymers, such as poly(dAT) or native DNA. Double-helical polyribonucleotides with modified furanoses, such as poly(A)-poly(2 -0-methylU), induce antibodies that react with a number of polymers bearing 2 -furanose substitutions (such as methyl or ethyl groups on either the purine or pyrimidine-containing strand). Poly(G)-poly(C) induced antibodies of narrow specificity in our studies, but Lacour and co-workers obtained anti-poly(G)-poly(C) that cross-reacted with several forms of viral RNA. ... 

The first summation constrains the conformational torsion angles (and sometimes the covalent bond angles) to lie near to the expected values derived from single crystal and polymer studies the second summation minimizes the differences between the observed and calculated X-ray structure factor amplitudes the third summation relaxes unfavourable non-bonded interactions and the fourth summation contains constraints Hn whose values are zero when residue connectivity and furanose ring closure have been achieved. 

Another effect of the ring flattening of furanose in respect to pyranose is important in respect to DNA structure the torsion angle between 1,4-substituents in cyclohexane chairs is always close to the ideal 60°, whereas in cyclopentane it is much larger and usually approaches 80°. This makes linear strands of chiral furanose units impossible helicity of the polymer backbone is enforced (see Sec. 8.2). 

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