Fungus, blue stain

Ayer, W. Kawahara, N. "Lecythophorin, a potent inhibitor of blue-stain fungi, from the hyphomycetous fungus Lecythophora hoffmannii", Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 7953-7956. 

Fig. 1.2 External resin flow on a ca. 30-year-old Norway spruce clone after application of methyl jasmonate (100 mM in 0.1% Tween 20) and subsequent inoculation with the blue stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica.

Fig. 1.3 Symptoms of fungal infection in Norway spruce after massive inoculation with the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica. In areas that have been successfully colonized by the fungus the phloem and cambial areas are necrotic and the sapwood is blue-stained (arrowheads).

CHRISTIANSEN, E., SOLHEIM, H., The bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Ophiostoma polonicum can kill various spruces and Douglas-fir., Eur. J. For. Pathol., 1990,20,436-446. 

The two most important aspen blue stain fungi are Ophiostoma crassivaginatum and O. piliferum. The secondary metabolites of the blue stain fungus O, crassivaginatum were studied in an attempt to obtain insight into the nature of the staining material. Several simple phenolic compounds were identified which, at least in part, can be responsible for the discoloration of aspen wood infected with this fungus (72). 

An unidentified Zythiostroma species, isolated from aspen, was also found to be antagonistic to O. crassivaginatum. Zythiostromic acids A (25) and B (26), as well as zythiostromolide (27) isolated from the culture broth of this fungus, although new natural compounds, were inactive against the blue stain fungi (16) (Chart 5). 

Chakravarty, R, L.S. Trifonov, L.J. Hutchison, Y. Hiratsuka, and W.A. Ayer Role of Sporormiella similis as a potential bioprotectant of Populus tremuloides wood against the blue stain fungus Ophiostoma piliferum. Canad. J. For. Res. 24, 2235 (1994). 

Croan, S.C., and T.L. Highly Biological control of the blue stain fungus Cer-atocystis coerulescens with fungal antagonists. Mat. and Org. 25, 255 (1990). 

Ayer, W.A., and L.S. Trifonov Phenolic and polyketide metabolites of the aspen blue-stain fungus Ophiostoma crassivaginata. Phytochem. 38, 371 (1995). 

Chakravarty, R, and Y. Hiratsuka Evaluation of Lecythophora hojfmannii as a potential biological control against a blue stain fungus on Populus tremuloides. Z. Rflanzenk. Pflanzens. 101, 74 (1994). 

Ayer, W.A., E.R. Cruz, N. Kawahara, D.J. Muir, and K. Ptaszinska Chemistry associated with black galls on aspen. The metabolites of Lecythophora hojfmannii, a fungus strongly antagonistic to blue stain fungi. Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica 24, 183 (1996). 

The effect of enantiomeric monoterpenes on bark beetle activity is very significant. In some cases, as little as 2-5% of an enantiomeric product will completely inhibit the effect of the active form and greatly upset the normal pheromonal system of the insect. Fungi are also sensitive to these effects. For example, (-f )-a-pinene (14) is three times more inhibitory than (— )-a-pinene against the blue stain fungus, Cerat-ocystis spp. The differential expression of the cyclases responsible for coproduction of enantiomeric monoterpenes may determine the highly selective resistance response conifers exhibit toward bark beetles and their fungal symbionts (Johnson and Croteau, 1987). 

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