Fungi fungal filaments

Cole, L., Orlovich, D. A. Ashford, A. E. (1998). Structure, function and motility of vacuoles in filamentous fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 24, 86-100. 

Keller NP, Hohn TM Metabolic pathway gene clusters in filamentous fungi. Fungal Genet Biol 1997 21 17-29. 

The use of solid-phase techniques has especially increased in the last decades in the case of fungal-mediated bioprocesses, since they reproduce the natural habitat and growth conditions for filamentous fungi. Moreover, solid-phase bioreactors... 

Anderson JG (1975) Immobilized cell and film reactor system for filamentous fungi. In Smith JE, Berry DR, Kristiansen B (eds) Fungal technology. The filamentous fungi. Edward Arnold, London, pp 146—170... 

The use of filamentous fungi for production of xylanases was initially attractive because the enzymes are released extracellularly thus eliminating the need for cell lysis procedures. In addition, xylanase levels in fungal culture filtrates are typically in much higher concentrations than from yeasts and bacteria. Many examples of xylanases produced from fungi are listed in the review by Dekker (41). 

It has been proposed that the production of xylanases and cellulases is under separate regulatory control in some filamentous fungi (1). Hrmova et al. (42) reached a similar conclusion after monitoring the daily production of these enzymes in Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. Xylanase and cellulase activities followed independent production profiles during fungal growth. The same effect has been observed in batch cultures of T. harzianum. We have observed peak xylanase activity on the third day of growth whereas the cellulase activity peaked after day five or six (unpublished). 

The major fungal opportunistic pathogens that affect immunocompromised hosts are the yeasts Candida and Cryptococcus, with the filamentous fungi Aspergillus and Fusarium and the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma also causing potentially fatal infections.4 Candida albicans... 

The vegetative body is a thallus. It consists of filaments about 5 pm in diameter which are multi-branched or spread over or into the nutrient medium. The filaments or hyphae, can be present without cross walls as in lower fungi or divided into cells by septa in higher fungi. The total hyphal mass of the fungal thallus is called the mycelium. In certain situations during transition between asexual and sexual reproduction, various other tissue structures are formed, e.g. plectrenchyma (mushroom flesh). 

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